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F. tularensis suppression is observed during early infection time points. Primary human monocytes were infected at for 1, 4, 18, or 24 h with F. novicida (Fn), F. tularensis (Ft) or both at an MOI of 50 for each bacteria. Cell-free supernatants were collected and assayed using sandwich ELISAs for TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. Graphs represent the mean ± s.e.m. from 4 independent donors. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. *p < 0.05 (Fn vs. Ft and Fn + Ft).
