TABLE 1.

Examples of Nanomaterial-Immune Interactions for Selected Engineered Nanomaterials

Engineered nanomaterial	Target immune cell(s)	Administration route(s)	Immune effects	References
TiO2	Multiple cell types	Dermal and subcutaneous	Demonstrated route-specific effects on hypersensitivity responses	Auttachoat et al. (2013)
	Neutrophils	Oropharyngeal instillation	Increase in numbers of neutrophils in lung	Gustafsson et al. (2011)
	Neutrophils	Intragastric	Decrease in numbers of neutrophils in the blood	Sang et al. (2012)
	Dendritic cells	In vitro	Upregulated expression of MHC-II, CD80, and CD86	Winter et al. (2011)
	T cells	Intragastric	Decreased the proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells in the liver	Duan et al. (2010)
	B and NK cells	Intraperitoneal	Delayed B-lymphocyte development; decrease in numbers of spleen resident NK cells, specifically CD11b− NK cells	Moon et al. (2011)
	B cells	Intratracheal installation	Increase in numbers of B cells in the spleen and whole blood as well as increased production of IgE in lung lavage fluid	Park et al. (2009)
	NK cells	Intratracheal installation	Increase in numbers of NK cells in lung as well as a transient increased expression of the NKR-P1A receptor	Gustafsson et al. (2011)
	NK cells	Intragastric	Decrease in whole blood NK cell numbers	Sang et al. (2012)
	Mast cells	In vitro	Activating mast cells to release histamine through membrane L-type Ca2+ channels	Chen et al. (2012)
	Mast cells	Oral gavage	Reported increased mast cell activation in stomachs of young rats	Wang et al. (2013b)
Carbon nanotubes	T and NK cells	Inhalation	Immunosuppression of T-cell-dependent antibody responses and NK cell activity	Mitchell et al. (2007)
	Macrophages	In vitro	MWCNTs induce COX-2 production through a MAPK-dependent mechanism and iNOS production through a MAPK-independent mechanism	Lee et al. (2012)
	Macrophages	In vitro	Increases in cytokine release including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 from human macrophage cell line	Murphy et al. (2012)
	Dendritic cells	Oropharyngeal aspiration	Increased lung inflammation, but systemic immunosuppression of dendritic cells leading to decreased T-cell proliferation	Tkach et al. (2011)
	T cells	Intravenous	Increases in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen of C57BL/6 mice dependent on nanomaterial (comparison of graphene and carbon nanotubes)	Wang et al. (2013a)
	Mast cells	Oropharyngeal aspiration	IL-33, released from damaged lung epithelial cells by MWCNT exposure, subsequently activated mast cells resulting in adverse cardiopulmonary responses	Wang et al. (2011) Katwa et al. (2012)
	Splenocytes	Oropharyngeal aspiration	Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) do not impact the early immune response to Toxoplasma gondii in mice.	Swedin et al. (2012)
Fullerenes	Basophils	In vitro	Inhibit IgE dependent activation of peripheral basophil activation	Ryan et al. (2007) Norton et al. (2010)
	Mast cells	Intraperitoneal	A significant reduction in the mast-cell-dependent anaphylactic-induced drop in core body temperature as well as behavioral responses that accompany anaphylactic shock	Norton et al. (2010)