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. 2014 Apr 16;4:4713. doi: 10.1038/srep04713

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(a) Nanometer-scale PS spheres were periodically arranged on the ITO glass substrate. (b) Silver layer was electrochemically deposited into the apertures among these PS spheres. (c) The first perforated silver film was obtained by removing the PS spheres using chloroform and alcohol. (d) PVA solution was spin-coated onto the silver film and solidified in a dry box. (e) The second layer of PS spheres was periodically arranged on the solidified PVA film. (f) The second layer of perforated silver film was deposited. (g) In a manner similar to (c), the three-layered Ag-PVA-Ag sandwich nanostructure was finally fabricated by dissolving all the PS spheres.