Figure 1.

Schematic of experimental design. Hungry rats were given differential Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning before undergoing outcome-specific Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer testing followed by outcome devaluation testing. Anticipated behavioral effects are indicated by upward and downward arrows, which reflect action-specific increases and decreases in lever press rates, respectively. Experiments 1 and 2 assessed the effects of scopolamine and mecamylamine pretreatment, respectively, in separate sets of rats. Each rat was tested with both low and high drug doses during transfer testing (order counterbalanced), whereas only the high dose was assessed during devaluation testing. Rats were also administered control (saline) tests during each round of testing, as indicated. See Materials and methods for further details. CS, conditioned stimulus; R, response; O, outcome; Sal, saline.