Table 2.
Means and Standard Deviations of Study Variables Pre and Post-Matching
|
PRE-MATCHED
(UNWEIGHTED) |
AFTER MATCHING (WEIGHTED) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frontloaded (FL) n=1,802 (40%) Not Frontloaded (Not FL) n=2,698 (60%) |
FL | Not FL |
Total
(n=4,500) |
FL | Not FL |
Total
(n=4,500) |
| Variable | Mean (±SD) | Mean (±SD) | Mean (±SD) | Mean (±SD) | Mean (±SD) | Mean (±SD) |
| Age | 76.09 (11.21) | 76.22 (11.01) | 76.17 (11.09) | 76.09 (11.21) | 75.87 (11.11) | 75.96 (11.15) |
| Number of Diagnoses | 5.79 (1.68) | 5.62 (1.63) | 5.69 (1.65) | 5.79 (1.68) | 5.77 (1.65) | 5.78 (1.67) |
| Severity of Illness | 2.58 (0.67) | 2.49 (0.63) | 2.52 (0.65) | 2.58 (0.67) | 2.59 (0.67) | 2.59 (0.67) |
| Number of High Risk Diagnoses | 1.41 (1.15) | 1.19 (1.12) | 1.28 (1.14) | 1.41 (1.15) | 1.42 (1.23) | 1.42 (1.20) |
| Variable | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) |
| Confusion | ||||||
| Never | 1,059 (23.53) | 1,630 (36.22) | 2,689 (59.76) | 1,059 (23.53) | 1,616 (35.92) | 2,675 (59.45) |
| In new or complex situations only | 594 (13.20) | 812 (18.04) | 1,406 (31.24) | 594 (13.20) | 857 (19.05) | 1,451 (32.25) |
| On awakening or at night only | 22 (0.49) | 27 (0.60) | 49 (1.09) | 22 (0.49) | 25 (0.56) | 47 (1.05) |
| During the day and evening, not constantly | 108 (2.40) | 204 (4.53) | 312 (6.93) | 108 (0.24) | 181 (4.02) | 289 (6.42) |
| Constantly | 19 (0.42) | 25 (0.56) | 44 (.98) | 19 (0.42) | 19 (0.41) | 38 (0.83) |
| Cognitive Function | ||||||
| Alert/oriented, able to focus and shift attention,
comprehends and recalls task directions independently |
1,227 (27.27) | 1,836 (40.80) | 3,063 (68.07) | 1,227 (27.27) | 1,841 (40.91) | 3,068 (68.18) |
| Requires prompting (cueing, repetition, reminders) only
under stressful or unfamiliar conditions |
413 (9.18) | 610 (13.56) | 1,023 (22.73) | 413 (9.18) | 619 (13.76) | 1,032 (22.94) |
| Requires assistance and some direction in specific
situations or consistently requires low stimulus environment due to distractibility |
132 (2.93) | 192 (4.27) | 324 (7.20) | 132 (2.93) | 192 (4.26) | 324 (7.19) |
| Requires considerable assistance in routine situations. Is
not alert and oriented or is unable to shift attention and recall directions more than half the time |
27 (0.60) | 51 (1.13) | 78 (1.73) | 27 (0.60) | 38 (0.84) | 65 (1.44) |
| Totally dependent due to disturbances such as constant
disorientation, coma, persistent vegetative state, or delirium |
3 (0.07) | 9 (0.20) | 12 (0.27) | 3 (0.07) | 8 (0.19) | 11 (0.25) |
| Bathing Ability | ||||||
| Able to bathe self in shower or tub independently | 102 (2.27) | 141 (3.13) | 543 (5.40) | 102 (2.27) | 132 (2.92) | 234 (5.19) |
| With the use of devices, is able to bathe self in shower or
tub independently |
227 (5.04) | 354 (7.87) | 581 (12.81) | 227 (5.04) | 353 (7.84) | 580 (12.88) |
| Able to bathe in shower or tub with the assistance of
another person:(a) for intermittent supervision or encouragement or reminders, OR (b) to get in and out of the shower/tub, OR (c) for washing difficult to reach areas |
479 (10.64) | 8.05 (17.89) | 1,284 (28.53) | 479 (10.64) | 773 (17.18) | 1,252 (27.83) |
| Participates in bathing self in shower or tub, but required
presence of another person throughout in the bath for assistance or supervision |
512 (11.38) | 741 (16.47) | 1,253 (27.84) | 512 (11.38) | 736 (16.35) | 1,248 (27.73) |
| Unable to use the shower or tub and is bathed in bed or
bedside chair |
422 (9.38) | 591 (13.13) | 1,013 (22.51) | 422 (9.38) | 638 (14.19) | 1,060 (23.57) |
| Unable to effectively participate in bathing and is totally
bathed by another person |
60 (1.33) | 66 (1.47) | 126 (2.80) | 60 (1.33) | 66 (1.47) | 126 (2.80) |
| Ambulation Ability | ||||||
| Able to independently walk on even and uneven surfaces
and climb stairs with or without railings (needs no human assistance or assistive device) |
187 (4.16) | 201 (4.47) | 388 (8.62) | 187 (4.16) | 265 (5.89) | 452 (10.05) |
| Requires use of a device to walk alone or Requires
human supervision or assistance to negotiate stairs or steps or uneven surfaces |
1,013 (22.51) | 1,503 (33.40) | 2,516 (55.91) | 1,013 (22.51) | 1,524 (33.88) | 2,537 (56.39) |
| Able to walk only with the supervision or Assistance of
another person at all times |
499 (11.09) | 835 (18.56) | 1,334 (29.64) | 499 (11.09) | 794 (17.64) | 1,293 (28.72) |
| Chairfast, unable to ambulate but is able to Wheel self
independently |
47 (1.04) | 76 (1.69) | 123 (2.73) | 47 (1.04) | 55 (1.23) | 102 (2.27) |
| Chairfast, unable to ambulate and is unable to wheel self | 45 (1.00) | 71 (1.58) | 116 (2.58) | 45 (1.00) | 53 (1.17) | 98 (2.17) |
| Bedfast, unable to ambulate or be up in a chair | 11 (0.24) | 12 (0.27) | 23 (0.51) | 11 (0.24) | 7 (0.16) | 18 (0.40) |
| Presence of Dyspnea | ||||||
| Never, patient is not short of breath | 470 (10.44) | 863 (19.18) | 1,333 (29.62) | 470 (10.44) | 695 (15.43) | 1,165 (25.88) |
| When walking more than 20 feet, climbing stairs | 485 (10.78) | 823 (18.29) | 1,308 (29.07) | 485 (10.78) | 840 (18.68) | 1,325 (29.45) |
| With moderate exertion (e.g., while dressing, using
commode or bedpan, walking distances less than 20 feet) |
541 (12.02) | 667 (14.82) | 1,208 (26.84) | 541 (12.02) | 728 (16.18) | 1,269 (28.20) |
| With minimal exertion (e.g., while eating, talking, ADLs)
or with agitation |
261 (5.80) | 281 (6.24) | 542 (12.04) | 261 (5.80) | 332 (7.39) | 593 (13.19) |
| At rest (during day or night) | 45 (1.00) | 64 (1.42) | 109 (2.42) | 45 (1.00) | 103 (2.28) | 148 (3.28) |
| Presence of Anxiety | ||||||
| None of the time | 1,017 (22.60) | 1,643 (36.51) | 2,660 (59.11) | 1,017 (22.60) | 1,568 (34.85) | 2,585 (57.45) |
| Less often than daily | 448 (9.96) | 605 (13.44) | 1,053 (23.40) | 448 (9.96) | 623 (13.84) | 1,071 (23.80) |
| Daily, but not constantly | 316 (7.02) | 411 (9.13) | 727 (16.16) | 316 (7.02) | 462 (10.26) | 778 (17.29) |
| All of the time | 21 (0.47) | 39 (0.87) | 60 (1.33) | 21 (0.47) | 45 (1.00) | 66 (1.46) |
| All of the time | 21 (0.47) | 39 (0.87) | 60 (1.33) | 21 (0.47) | 45 (1.00) | 66 (1.46) |
| Transfer Ability | ||||||
| Able to independently transfer | 370 (8.22) | 446 (9.91) | 816 (18.13) | 370 (8.22) | 505 (11.23) | 875 (19.45) |
| Transfers with minimal human assistance or with use of
an assistive device |
1,152 (25.60) | 1,834 (40.76) | 2,986 (66.36) | 1,152 (25.60) | 1,835 (40.77) | 2,987 (66.37) |
| Unable to transfer self but is able to bear weight and
pivot during the transfer |
218 (4.84) | 333 (7.40) | 551 (12.21) | 218 (4.84) | 289 (6.43) | 507 (11.27) |
| Unable to transfer self and is unable to bear weight or
pivot when transferred by another person |
38 (0.84) | 59 (1.31) | 97 (2.16) | 38 (0.84) | 50 (1.12) | 88 (1.97) |
| Bedfast, unable to transfer but is able to turn and position
self in bed |
11 (0.24) | 10 (0.22) | 21 (0.47) | 11 (0.24) | 6 (0.14) | 17 (0.38) |
| Bedfast, unable to transfer and is unable to turn and
position self |
13 (0.29) | 16 (0.36) | 29 (0.64) | 13 (0.29) | 12 (0.26) | 25 (0.55) |
| Feeding Ability | ||||||
| Able to independently feed self | 1,068 (23.73) | 1,700 (37.78) | 2,768 (61.51) | 1,068 (23.73) | 1,606 (35.70) | 2,674 (59.43) |
| Able to feed self independently but requires: (a). meal
set-up; OR (b) intermittent assistance or supervision from another person; OR (c) a liquid, pureed or ground meat diet |
671 (14.91) | 920 (20.44) | 1,591 (35.36) | 671 (14.91) | 1,012 (22.49) | 1,683 (37.40) |
| Unable to feed self and must be assisted or supervised
throughout the meal/snack |
45 (1.00) | 59 (1.31) | 104 (2.31) | 45 (1.00) | 57 (1.27) | 102 (2.27) |
| Able to take in nutrients orally and receives supplemental
nutrients through a nasogastric tube or gastrostomy |
7 (0.16) | 3 (0.07) | 10 (0.22) | 7 (0.16) | 5 (0.11) | 12 (0.27) |
| Unable to take in nutrients orally and is fed nutrients
through a nasogastric tube or gastrostomy |
8 (0.18) | 14 (0.31) | 11 (0.49) | 8 (0.18) | 16 (0.35) | 24 (0.53) |
| Unable to take in nutrients orally or by tube feeding | 2 (0.04) | 3 (0.07) | 5 (0.11) | 3 (0.07) | 2 (0.04) | 5 (0.10) |
| Living Alone | 487 (10.82) | 687 (15.27) | 1,174 (26.09) | 487 (10.82) | 743 (16.51) | 1,230 (27.33) |
| Urinary Incontinence | 740 (16.44) | 1,068 (23.73) | 1,808 (40.18) | 740 (16.44) | 1,091 (24.24) | 1,831 (40.69) |
| Depressed Mood | 352 (4.82) | 461 (10.24) | 813 (18.07) | 352 (7.82) | 502 (11.16) | 854 (18.98) |
| Memory Deficits | 201 (4.47) | 337 (7.49) | 538 (11.96) | 201 (4.47) | 296 (6.58) | 497 (11.05) |
| Female | 1,084 (24.09) | 1,729 (38.42) | 2,813 (62.51) | 1,084 (24.09) | 1,624 (36.08) | 2,708 (60.17) |
| Hispanic | 102 (2.27) | 116 (2.58) | 218 (4.84) | 102 (2.27) | 142 (3.16) | 244 (5.43) |
| White | 1,488 (33.07) | 2,207 (49.04) | 3,695 (82.11) | 1,488 (33.07) | 2,230 (49.57) | 3,718 (82.64) |
| Serviced by a For-Profit Home Health Agency | 920 (20.44) | 1,290 (28.67) | 2,210 (49.11) | 920 (20.44) | 1,330 (29.57) | 2,250 (50.01) |
| Presence of a Primary Caregiver | 1,577 (35.04) | 2,343 (52.07) | 3,920 (87.11) | 1,577 (35.04) | 2,340 (52.01) | 3,917 (87.05) |
| Guarded Rehabilitation Prognosis | 435 (9.67) | 562 (12.49) | 997 (22.16) | 435 (9.67) | 610 (13.55) | 1,045 (23.22) |
| Requires Assistance with ADLs | ||||||
| Yes | 1,032 (22.93) | 1,559 (34.64) | 2,591 (57.58) | 1,032 (22.93) | 1,539 (34.21) | 2,571 (57.14) |
| No | 505 (11.02) | 727 (16.16) | 1,232 (27.38) | 505 (11.22) | 749 (16.64) | 1,254 (27.86) |
| Unknown | 265 (5.89) | 412 (9.16) | 677 (15.04) | 265 (5.89) | 410 (9.11) | 675 (14.99) |
| Requires Assistance with IADLs | ||||||
| Yes | 1,434 (31.87) | 21.55 (47.89) | 3,589 (79.76) | 1,434 (31.87) | 2,136 (47.47) | 3,570 (79.34) |
| No | 103 (2.29) | 1,434 (31.87) | 2,155 (47.89) | 103 (2.29) | 152 (3.38) | 255 (5.67) |
| Unknown | 265 (5.89) | 412 (9.16) | 677 (15.04) | 265 (5.89) | 410 (9.11) | 675 (14.99) |
| Presence of a Pressure Ulcer | ||||||
| Yes | 110 (2.44) | 98 (2.18) | 208 (4.62) | 110 (2.44) | 154 (3.42) | 264 (5.87) |
| No | 1,446 (32.13) | 2,172 (48.27) | 3,618 (80.40) | 1,446 (32.13) | 2,154 (47.87) | 3,600 (80.00) |
| Unknown | 246 (5.47) | 428 (9.51) | 674 (14.98) | 246 (5.47) | 390 (8.67) | 636 (14.13) |
| Presence of a Stasis Ulcer | ||||||
| Yes | 16 (0.36) | 11 (0.24) | 27 (0.60) | 16 (0.36) | 5 (0.10) | 21 (0.46) |
| No | 1,540 (34.22) | 2,259 (50.20) | 3,799 (84.42) | 1,540 (34.22) | 2,303 (51.19) | 3,843 (85.41) |
| Unknown | 246 (5.47) | 428 (9.51) | 674 (14.98) | 246 (5.47) | 390 (8.67) | 636 (14.13) |
| Requires Assistance with Oral Medications | ||||||
| Yes | 759 (16.87) | 1,013 (22.51) | 1,772 (39.38) | 759 (16.87) | 1,097 (24.38) | 1,856 (41.25) |
| No | 687 (15.27) | 1,172 (26.04) | 1,859 (41.31) | 687 (15.27) | 1,050 (23.34) | 1,737 (38.60) |
| Unknown | 356 (7.91) | 513 (11.40) | 869 (19.31) | 356 (7.91) | 551 (12.23) | 907 (20.15) |