Fig. 3.
Characterization of the mixing performance of the sharp-edge-based acoustofluidic micromixer under different driving frequencies of the piezoelectric transducer. (a) A laminar flow pattern was observed when the piezoelectric transducer was off. (b) 4.25 kHz: Incomplete mixing. (c) 4.50 kHz and (d) 4.75 kHz: Excellent mixing was achieved. (e) Plots of normalized fluorescent concentration across the width of channel.