Table 1.

Pluripotent stem cell types from avian embryos.

Cell type	Source	Confirmation methods	References
ESCs	Stage X (EG&K)	EB formation, in vitro differentiation, somatic chimaeras	1, 2, 3
PGCs	Stages 14–17 (H&H)	Germline chimaeras	4
EGCs	Stage 28 (H&H)	EB formation, in vitro differentiation, somatic chimaeras	5
GSCs/SSCs	Juvenile 6 wk old and adult (24-wk old) male roosters	EB formation, in vitro differentiation	6, 7
iPSCs	Quail embryonic fibroblasts (embryonic day 11)	EB formation, in vitro differentiation, germline chimaera	8

Abbreviations: ESCs = embryonic stem cells, PGCs = primordial germ cells, EGCs = embryonic germ cells, GSCs = germline stem cells, SSCs = spermatogonial stem cells, iPSCs = induced pluripotent stem cells; EG&K = stage (Eyal-Giladi and Kochav, 1976), H&H = stage (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951). EB = embryoid body.

References: 1. Pain et al. (1996). 2. Boast and Stern (2012); van de Lavoir et al. (2006b). 3. Petitte et al. (2004). 4. van de Lavoir et al. (2006a). 5. Park and Han (2000). 6. Lee et al. (2006). 7. Jung et al. (2007). 8. Lu et al. (2012).