Table 2.

Avian somatic and adult stem cells.

Cell type	Culture conditions	Differentiation	Culture duration	References
Neural stem cells	Neurobasal A + EGF + FGF2 heparin	Neurosphere	7–14 days	1
Mesenchymal stem cells
Liver-MSCs	DMEM/F12 + FBS + bFGF	Neuronal/osteoblast cells	7–8 days	2
Lung-MSCs	DMEM + FBS + HEPES	Adipogenic/osteogenic cells	21 days	3
Bone marrow-MSCs	DMEM + FBS	Adipogenic/osteogenic/chondrogenic cells	14–21 days	4
	L-DMEM + FBS	Adipogenic/osteogenic/endothelial cells	6–20 days
Umbilical cord-MSCs	L-DMEM + FBS	Adipogenic/osteogenic/cardiomyogenic cells	7–21 days	5
Muscle stem cells	DMEM/F12 + FBS + bFGF	Myogenic/osteogenic/adipogenic	6 days	6
Amniotic stem cells	DMEM/F12 + FBS	Neuronal/osteogenic/adipogenic/pancreatic like cells	7–14 days	7
Germline stem cells	Modified-DMEM + FBS + CS + HEPES + LIF + FGF2 + IGF1	EB formation/three germ layers formation/germline chimaera	21 days	8
Induced pluripotent stem cells (quail)	H-DMEM + FBS	EB formation/three germ layers formation/chimaera	7–39 days	9

References: 1. Whalley et al. (2009); Reynolds and Rietze (2005). 2. Mu et al. (2013). 3. Khatri et al. (2010). 4. Khatri et al. (2009); Bai et al. (2012). 5. Bai et al.(2013a). 6. Bai et al.(2013b). 7. Gao et al. (2012). 8. Jung et al. (2007); Lee et al. (2006). 9. Lu et al. (2012).