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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2013 Jun 1;22(3):244–249. doi: 10.1177/0963721412474460

Figure.

Figure

Associations among dopamine (DA), depression, and the Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task. (A) Amphetamine increases the percentage of high effort choices (Wardle, Treadway, Mayo, Zald, & de Wit, 2011). PL = Placebo. Error bars represent the standard deviation. *p < .05. (B) Positron emission tomography imaging shows that individual differences in the percentage of high effort choices are positively associated with the magnitude of amphetamine-induced DA release in striatum and are (C) negatively associated with DA release in the insula (Treadway, Buckholtz, et al., 2012). (D) Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) chose fewer high effort choices than matched controls (Treadway, Bossaller, Shelton, & Zald, 2012). Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. *p < .05.