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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Gerontol. 2014 Jan 16;0:21–26. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.006

Figure 1. Nasal vaccines given with a double adjuvant system elicit protective mucosal immunity in aging.

Figure 1

Nasal immunization with hemagglutinin (HA) or pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) plus pFL and CpG ODN induces HA- or PspA-specific SIgA Ab responses in aged mice. Thus, nasal challenge with influenza virus or S. pneumoniae resulted in the complete protection of the nasal mucosa of aged mice.