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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Gerontol. 2014 Jan 16;0:21–26. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.006

Figure 2. Nasal dendritic cell-targeting double adjuvant system for protective mucosal immunity in aging.

Figure 2

A combination of pFL and CpG ODN induces a more balanced Th1- and Th2-type of immune response to nasally delivered vaccines. Nasal delivery of CpG ODN activates plasmacytoid, B220+ DCs (pDC) and subsequently induces Th1-type, cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in addtion to Ag-specific SIgA Ab responses. In contrast, pFL as nasal adjuvant preferentially expands the CD8+ DC-mediated Th2-type cytokine and Ag-specific SIgA Ab responses. Thus, a combined nasal CpG ODN and pFL stimulates both CD8+ DCs and pDCs and successfully induces Ag-specific SIgA Ab responses.