Table 3.

Mean PADS scores with standard deviations in parentheses during sham and active stimuli across time segments

	Stimulus Condition
	Sham	Active
Segment 1 (baseline)	4.45 (2.74)	4.44 (2.78)
Segment 2 (stimulus)	4.80 (2.69)	5.86 (3.11)*
Segment 3 (recovery)	4.22 (2.50)	4.24 (2.76)

^*p < .05

PADS possible range (0–40; ten 4 point items); note: given that 4 of 5 stimuli were likely sub-threshold nociceptive it would be unlikely to observe PADS scores in the extremely high range; it was also likely there was a de facto range restriction given that most of the scoring for PADS was derived from facial change thus limiting the number of items and restricting range.