Table 3.
Distribution of Covariates by Economic Capital Latent Classes, n=8,977
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persistently Disadvantaged (n=1,623) |
Upwardly Mobile (n=1,892) |
Downwardly Mobile (n=2,496) |
Persistently Advantaged (n=2,966) |
||
| Demographics | Mean or Percent | ||||
|
| |||||
| Female | 62.6 | 42.3 | 51.8 | 47.6 | 50.4 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| White | 52.6 | 59.2 | 75.3 | 82.6 | 70.2 |
| Black | 32.9 | 16.7 | 13.7 | 6.2 | 15.3 |
| Hispanic | 12.8 | 20.5 | 7.8 | 6.6 | 11.0 |
| Asian | 1.7 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 3.5 |
| Family structure | |||||
| Two-parent household | 47.4 | 64.4 | 79.7 | 88.3 | 73.5 |
| Single-parent household | 43.8 | 29.4 | 17.7 | 10.3 | 22.4 |
| Other | 8.8 | 6.2 | 2.6 | 1.4 | 4.1 |
| Mean age in adulthood | 28.00 | 28.1 | 27.68 | 27.82 | 27.87 |
|
| |||||
| Human Capital Characteristics | |||||
|
| |||||
| Parents’ Education (%) | |||||
| Mother received high school degree/GED | 63.6 | 72.0 | 86.8 | 93.5 | 81.9 |
| Father received high school degree/GED | 56.8 | 67.8 | 85.9 | 92.7 | 81.3 |
| Respondent’s Education by Adulthood (%) | |||||
| Less than high school | 24.5 | 10.4 | 6.2 | 0.9 | 8.6 |
| High school or GED | 26.7 | 23.1 | 17.2 | 6.4 | 16.6 |
| Some college or technical school | 43.4 | 47.8 | 49.6 | 33.5 | 42.8 |
| College degree | 4.1 | 11.4 | 17.3 | 37.3 | 20.3 |
| Graduate School | 1.4 | 7.3 | 9.7 | 22.0 | 11.7 |
|
| |||||
| Transition to Adulthood Markers | |||||
|
| |||||
| Young Adulthood | |||||
| Living with parents | 38.3 | 40.6 | 45.4 | 41.5 | 41.8 |
| Currently in school | 16.8 | 27.8 | 40.5 | 59.7 | 39.9 |
| Full-time work status | 31.8 | 59.3 | 38.3 | 42.0 | 43.0 |
| Ever married | 19.6 | 27.8 | 14.5 | 9.8 | 16.1 |
| Have children | 35.1 | 21.4 | 17.9 | 5.5 | 17.7 |
| Adulthood | |||||
| Currently in school | 14.3 | 14.9 | 19.5 | 15.8 | 16.4 |
| Full-time work status | 51.9 | 80.3 | 60.6 | 82.7 | 70.4 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Never married | 59.5 | 44.2 | 61.3 | 47.4 | 52.8 |
| Currently married | 27.2 | 47.0 | 31.3 | 48.6 | 39.6 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 13.2 | 8.9 | 7.4 | 4.0 | 7.6 |
| Have children | 69.7 | 51.7 | 46.3 | 30.7 | 46.5 |
*
Note: Data presented are cross-tabulations of independent covariates with dependent latent classes. Chi-square tests and t-tests revealed significant differences at a p-level of less than 0.05 for each bivariate relationship.