Table 5.
Distribution of Covariates by Human Capital Latent Classes, n=8,997
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persistently Low (n=949) |
Upward with Early Entry into Work (n=3,778) |
Upward with Continued Schooling (n=1,348) |
Downward with Early Entry into Work (n=1,469) |
Persistently High (n=1,434) |
||
| Demographics | Mean or Percent | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Female | 40.5 | 51.1 | 59.3 | 44.3 | 52.7 | 50.4 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 58.9 | 66.3 | 71.1 | 75.6 | 81.8 | 70.2 |
| Black | 23.0 | 17.1 | 12.9 | 13.9 | 8.2 | 15.3 |
| Hispanic | 17.2 | 13.9 | 10.5 | 6.8 | 3.9 | 11.0 |
| Asian | 1.2 | 2.7 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 3.5 |
| Family structure | ||||||
| Two-parent household | 56.6 | 71.1 | 80.8 | 69.5 | 88.3 | 73.5 |
| Single-parent household | 33.7 | 24.0 | 17.1 | 27.3 | 11.1 | 22.4 |
| Other | 9.7 | 5.0 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 0.6 | 4.1 |
| Mean age in adulthood | 27.89 | 28.00 | 27.67 | 27.90 | 27.68 | 27.87 |
|
| ||||||
| Economic Capital Characteristics | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| W1 Household income (dollars) | $36,500 | $48,300 | $65,400 | $72,000 | $109,900 | $63,800 |
| W3 Personal income (dollars) | $13,600 | $16,300 | $12,000 | $16,800 | $13,000 | $14,900 |
| W4 Personal income (dollars) | $19,300 | $28,100 | $39,600 | $31,600 | $44,900 | $32,200 |
| Home ownership in adulthood | 30.5 | 39.7 | 46.3 | 36.4 | 47.4 | 40.4 |
|
| ||||||
| Transition to Adulthood Markers | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Young Adulthood | ||||||
| Living with parents | 45.7 | 43.4 | 40.3 | 46.1 | 32.3 | 41.8 |
| Currently in school | 7.8 | 19.8 | 79.5 | 39.1 | 77.4 | 39.9 |
| Full-time work status | 45.0 | 54.4 | 25.1 | 47.8 | 23.8 | 43.0 |
| Ever married | 22.0 | 21.2 | 9.9 | 15.3 | 5.1 | 16.1 |
| Have children | 34.3 | 24.0 | 7.1 | 14.9 | 2.5 | 17.7 |
| Adulthood | ||||||
| Currently in school | 4.3 | 14.2 | 16.7 | 25.5 | 20.5 | 16.4 |
| Full-time work status | 63.6 | 69.7 | 77.7 | 63.8 | 77.1 | 70.4 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 56.7 | 48.7 | 54.2 | 54.5 | 57.8 | 52.8 |
| Currently married | 31.6 | 41.2 | 42.3 | 38.4 | 39.6 | 39.6 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 11.7 | 10.2 | 3.5 | 7.1 | 2.7 | 7.6 |
| Have children | 66.6 | 59.5 | 30.5 | 44.5 | 16.3 | 46.5 |
*
Note: Data presented are cross-tabulations of independent covariates with dependent latent classes. Chi-square tests and t-tests revealed significant differences at a p-level of less than 0.05 for each bivariate relationship.