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OPN induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ARVMs were treated with OPN for 6 h. Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot using anti-Gadd153 (A) or anti-caspase-12 (B) antibodies. Protein loading was normalized using GAPDH immunostaining. Bottom: mean data normalized to GAPDH; *P < 0.05 vs. CTL; n = 4.
