Table 1.
Demographic and cardiovascular risk factor comparison of South Asian (SA, N = 43) and Caucasian (C, N = 86) KTRa
| All patients |
Male |
Female |
|||||||
| Parameter | SA (N = 43) | C (N = 86) | P-value | SA (N = 30) | C (N = 60) | P-value | SA (N = 13) | C (N = 26) | P-value |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Age at transplant (years) | 48 ± 11 | 50 ± 11 | NS | 49 ± 11 | 51 ± 12 | NS | 47 ± 11 | 48 ± 10 | NS |
| Age at study visit (years) | 50 ± 10 | 52 ± 11 | NS | 51 ± 11 | 53 ± 12 | NS | 49 ± 10 | 50 ± 10 | NS |
| Gender (male/female) | 30/13 | 60/26 | NS | ||||||
| Time post-transplant (months) | 65 ± 47 | 71 ± 48 | NS | 65 ± 40 | 73 ± 48 | NS | 63 ± 64 | 67 ± 50 | NS |
| Donor source (live/deceased) | 28/15 | 57/29 | NS | 24/6 | 40/20 | NS | 4/9 | 17/9 | <0.05 |
| No. of transplants (1/2) | 42/1 | 81/5 | NS | 29/1 | 55/5 | NS | 13/0 | 26/0 | NS |
| Cause of end-stage renal disease N (%) | |||||||||
| Diabetes | 9 (21) | 12 (14) | NS | 7 (23) | 9 (15) | NS | 2 (15) | 3 (11) | NS |
| Hypertension | 5 (12) | 4 (5) | 4 (13) | 3 (5) | 1 (8) | 1 (4) | |||
| Glomerulonephritis | 22 (51) | 29 (34) | 15 (50) | 21 (35) | 7 (54) | 8 (31) | |||
| Polycystic kidney disease | 3 (7) | 24 (28) | 2 (7) | 15 (25) | 1 (7) | 9 (35) | |||
| Others | 4 (9) | 17 (19) | 2 (7) | 12 (20) | 2 (16) | 5 (19) | |||
| Acute rejection N (%) | 7 (16) | 11 (13) | NS | 4 (13) | 9 (15) | NS | 3 (23) | 2 (8) | NS |
| Delayed graft function N (%) | 1 (2) | 1 (1) | NS | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | NS | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | NS |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 4.1 | 28.0 ± 6.0 | NS | 28 ± 4 | 27 ± 5 | NS | 25 ± 4 | 29 ± 8 | NS |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.94 ± 0.04 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | NS | 0.96 ± 0.05 | 0.96 ± 0.06 | NS | 0.90 ± 0.05 | 0.88 ± 0.05 | NS |
| Diabetes N (%) | |||||||||
| Pre-existing | 13 (30) | 17 (20) | NS | 10 (33) | 13 (22) | NS | 3 (23) | 4 (15) | NS |
| New-onset | 4 (9) | 5 (6) | 2 (9) | 3 (5) | 2 (15) | 2 (8) | |||
| Total | 17 (40) | 22 (26) | 12 (40) | 16 (26) | 5 (38) | 6 (23) | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130 ± 16 | 128 ± 16 | NS | 132 ± 17 | 129 ± 14 | NS | 127 ± 16 | 126 ± 19 | NS |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 ± 11 | 80 ± 10 | NS | 80 ± 9 | 79 ± 10 | NS | 81 ± 14 | 83 ± 10 | NS |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 1.6 | 4.4 ± 1.1 | NS | 4.5 ± 1.3 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | NS | 5.5 ± 2.0 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | NS |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | NS | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | NS | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | NS |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | NS | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | NS | 3.6 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | NS |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | NS | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | NS | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | NS |
| VLDL cholesterol | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | NS | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | NS | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | NS |
| VLDL triglycerides | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | NS | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | NS | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | NS |
| Smoking N (%) | 11 (26) | 48 (56) | 0.001 | 11 (36) | 34 (56) | NS | 0 (0) | 14 (54) | 0.001 |
| Parathyroidectomy N (%) | 4 (9) | 6 (7) | NS | 0 (0) | 4 (7) | NS | 4 (31) | 2 (8) | NS |
| Major cardiac event (MACE) N (%) | 12 (28) | 14 (16) | NS | 10 (33) | 13 (22) | NS | 2 (15) | 1 (4) | NS |
| FRS | 9.5 ± 8.3 | 8.6 ± 6.7 | NS | 11.1 ± 9.0 | 9.7 ± 7.0 | NS | 5.7 ± 5.1 | 6.1 ± 5.2 | NS |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 9.5 ± 3.5 | 12.9 ± 6.7 | <0.001 | 8.9 ± 3.6 | 11.5 ± 4.3 | <0.01 | 11.0 ± 3.1 | 16.3 ± 9.7 | 0.02 |
| HMW adiponectin (%) | 22 ± 9 | 29 ± 11 | <0.001 | 21 ± 9 | 28 ± 10 | <0.01 | 23 ± 8 | 33 ± 12 | 0.02 |
| ApoB/apoAI ratio | 0.65 ± 0.23 | 0.59 ± 0.16 | NS | 0.66 ± 0.21 | 0.61 ± 0.16 | NS | 0.63 ± 0.27 | 0.55 ± 0.18 | NS |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 110 ± 39 | 118 ± 34 | NS | 112 ± 27 | 124 ± 34 | NS | 107 ± 59 | 106 ± 32 | NS |
| eGFR by MDRD (mL/min/1.73m2) | 66 ± 21 | 60 ± 19 | NS | 68 ± 19 | 62 ± 20 | NS | 62 ± 25 | 56 ± 18 | NS |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | NS | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | NS | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | NS |
| eGFR by cystatin C (mL/min/1.73m2) | 65 ± 22 | 62 ± 20 | NS | 64 ± 17 | 61 ± 20 | NS | 69 ± 30 | 65 ± 20 | NS |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 4.5 ± 7.9 | 6.0 ± 13 | NS | 4.2 ± 8.5 | 6.0 ± 15.7 | NS | 5.3 ± 7.0 | 5.9 ± 7.1 | NS |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 359 ± 82 | 381 ± 95 | NS | 374 ± 81 | 399 ± 89 | NS | 325 ± 77 | 338 ± 98 | NS |
| Urine ACR (mg/mmol) | 6.8 ± 14.8 | 5.5 ± 10.6 | NS | 5.4 ± 5.2 | 6.5 ± 12.3 | NS | 10.3 ± 26.3 | 3.4 ± 4.3 | NS |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 0.068 ± 0.01 | 0.060 ± 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.067 ± 0.01 | 0.060 ± 0.01 | <0.05 | 0.071 ± 0.02 | 0.060 ± 0.00 | NS |
| PTH (pmol/L) | 10 ± 6.3 | 10 ± 7.7 | NS | 11 ± 6 | 10 ± 6 | NS | 9 ± 7 | 12 ± 11 | NS |
a
Apo, apolipoprotein; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.