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. 2014 Apr 11;5:156. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00156

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Copyright © 2014 Choukrallah and Matthias.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Stimuli-dependent activation of different classes of enhancers in terminally differentiated cells. (A) In differentiated cells, the majority of stimuli-dependent enhancers are primed, i.e., already bound by pioneer TFs and marked by H3K4me1, but inactive. After stimulation, downstream inducible TFs bind to their cognate sites to activate target enhancers and gene transcription. (B) Latent enhancers are special class of enhancers, that are unbound by pioneer TFs and unmarked by H3K4me1 in unstimulated cells. At this stage, their chromatin structure is not well characterized. TF binding, active chromatin marking, and gene activation occur after the stimulation.