Table 1.
Baseline sociodemographic and medical characteristics in a quasi-experimental evaluation study of a language-concordant automated telephone self-management / health coaching diabetes intervention by a low-income government-sponsored health care plan (N=252)
| Characteristic | Intervention (n=127) | Waitlist (n=125) | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 56.5 (7.9) | 55.0 (8.6) | 0.21 |
| Women, n (%) | 98 (77.2) | 89 (71.2) | 0.28 |
| Race / ethnicity, n (%) | 0.40† | ||
| Latino | 32 (25.2) | 25 (20.0) | |
| Black / African-American | 7 (5.5) | 12 (9.6) | |
| Asian / Pacific Islander | 77 (60.6) | 78 (62.4) | |
| White / Caucasian | 7 (5.5) | 9 (7.2) | |
| Multi-Ethnic / Other | 4 (3.2) | 1 (0.8) | |
| Born outside the U.S., n (%) | 110 (86.6) | 106 (84.8) | 0.68 |
| Language, n (%) | 0.97 | ||
| Cantonese-speaking | 69 (54.3) | 69 (55.2) | |
| Spanish-speaking | 25 (19.7) | 23 (18.4) | |
| Language-concordant primary care provider | 33 (36.7) | 26 (29.5) | 0.31 |
| Educational attainment, n (%) | 0.41 | ||
| 8th grade education or less | 50 (39.4) | 58 (46.4) | |
| Some high school | 13 (10.2) | 12 (9.6) | |
| High school graduate or GED | 33 (26.0) | 22 (17.6) | |
| College graduate or above | 31 (24.4) | 33 (26.4) | |
| Limited health literacy, n (%) | 58 (46.0) | 50 (40.0) | 0.33 |
| Employment status, n (%) | 0.57 | ||
| Employed full-time | 28 (22.0) | 26 (20.8) | |
| Part-time | 63 (49.6) | 58 (46.4) | |
| Unemployed | 12 (9.4) | 15 (12.0) | |
| Disabled | 7 (5.0) | 13 (10.4) | |
| Homemaker / Retired / Other | 17 (13.4) | 13 (10.4) | |
| Annual household income, n (%) | 0.99 | ||
| ≤ $20,000 | 73 (63.6) | 75 (63.0) | |
| $20,001 – 30,000 | 24 (20.3) | 25 (21.0) | |
| >$30,000 | 19 (16.1) | 19 (16.0) | |
| Financial Class - Insurance type, n (%) | 0.61‡ | ||
| Medicaid | 28 (22.2) | 22 (17.6) | |
| Medicare | 4 (3.2) | 7 (5.6) | |
| Uninsured/Commercial | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.6) | |
| Healthy Worker/Healthy San Francisco | 93 (73.8) | 94 (75.2) | |
| Diabetes years, mean (SD) | 6.9 (5.9) | 7.2 (5.4) | 0.36 |
| Insulin treatment, n (%) | 25 (19.7) | 18 (14.4) | 0.26 |
| Hemoglobin A1c >8.0%, n (%) | 37 (29.8) | 29 (24.4) | 0.34 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD) | 7.8 (1.6) | 7.5 (1.3) | 0.13 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean mm Hg (SD) | 127.3 (17.3) | 128.1 (18.2) | 0.60 |
| Low-density lipoprotein, mean mg/dL (SD) | 92.7 (30.3) | 93.5 (31.5) | 0.84 |
P-values derived from chi-square tests for categorical variables if appropriate and Fisher's exact tests if needed, t-tests for interval variables if normally distributed and Wilcoxon tests if interval variables not normally distributed (age, diabetes duration and cardiometabolic indicators).
P-values calculated based on categories of Asian / Pacific Islander, Black / African-American, Hispanic / Latino, Multiethnic / Other, and White / Caucasian
P-values calculated based on categories of Healthy Worker / Healthy San Francisco, Medicaid (Community Alternatives Program or Fee-For-Service), Medicare, and Commercial / Uninsured.