Table 4.
Relation of clinical-epidemiological studies on the role of micronutritional supplements in age-related macular degeneration
| Cited reference | Study | Findings in AMD |
|---|---|---|
| 104 | The Beaver Dam Eye Study | Inverse association between vitamins A, E and zinc intake and incidence of large drussen and macro-pigmentary changes |
| 105 | The Rotterdam Eye Study | High dietary intake of β-carotene and vitamins C, E and zinc was associated with reduced risk of AMD in the elderly |
| 106 | The Age-related Eye Disease Study (AREDS 1) | Daily intake of tablets with vitamins C, E and β-carotene, zinc and copper resulted in a moderate reduction of the risk of acquiring advanced AMD |
| 113 | The Carotenoids Age-Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS) | Lutein- and zeaxanthin-rich diets may protect against intermediate AMD in female patients aged <75 years |
| 114 | The Australian Blue Mountains Eye Study | Intake of ω-3 fatty acids in the diet, as well as higher dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake induced a lower incidence of developing AMD initial forms and AMD advanced forms |
| 118 | The Dietary Ancillary Study of the Eye Disease Case-Control Study (DSEDCS) | Participants with higher food intake with lutein and zeaxanthin showed a lower risk of AMD |
| 117 | The French POLA Study | Analysed the levels of antioxidant nutrients in relation to AMD. A lower rate of progression from moderate AMD to advanced AMD in one eye was found. Authors concluded that, vitamin E may provide protection against AMD |
| 118,122 | The North American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Main goal was to analyze the blood levels of vitamin E and AMD and the results showed a lesser risk of AMD initial stages with elevated levels of this vitamin |
| 119 | The Lutein and Antioxidant Supplementation study Trial (The veterans LAST) | Found a relationship between the intake of carotenoids and subjective signs of improvement of vision in 90 patients with AMD |
| 120 | The Age-Related Eye Diseases Study (AREDS 2) | Concluded and reported data on the intake of carbohydrates and the risk of suffering AMD and progression of disease, probably by oxidative damage to protein |
Abbreviations: AMD, age-related macular degeneration; AREDS I, Age-Related Eye Disease Study 1; AREDS 2, Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2; CAREDS, The Carotenoids Age-Related Eye Disease Study; DSEDCS, The Dietary Ancillary Study of the Eye Disease Case-Control Study; LAST, the Lutein and Antioxidant Supplementation study Trial (The veterans LAST); NHANES, the North American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; POLA, the Pathologies Oculaires Liées à l’Age study.