Table 1. Anatomical and hydraulic traits of coffee plants grown under shade or full sunlight conditions.
| Parameters | Treatments | |
| Shade | Full sunlight | |
| Specific leaf area (m2 kg−1) | 22.9±3.5 | 14.0±2.7* |
| Total leaf thickness (µm) | 333.9±9.1 | 384.5±17.2* |
| Palisade thickness (µm) | 52.6±1.2 | 75.24±4.4* |
| Spongy thickness (µm) | 220.9±6.1 | 253.1±11.5* |
| Upper epidermis thickness (µm) | 38.8±0.2 | 37.4±1.3 |
| Lower epidermis thickness (µm) | 29.6±0.9 | 26.4±1.2 |
| PP/SP | 0.24±0.01 | 0.30±0.01* |
| SPIgcl | 0.104±0.006 | 0.168±0.003* |
| Guard cell length (µm) | 28.0±0.7 | 28.9±0.4 |
| Stomatal density (mm2) | 129.1±7.2 | 208.8±4.2* |
| Stomatal index | 20.3±1.1 | 25.7±1.0* |
| g wmax (mol m−2 s−1) | 1.16±0.05 | 1.82±0.02* |
| Venation density (mm mm−2) | 4.0±0.1 | 5.5±0.2* |
| Midrib vessel diameter (µm) | 22.8±0.2 | 21.3±0.4* |
| Number of midrib conduits | 117±7 | 153±11* |
| K t (mmol MPa−1 m−2 s−1) | 24.5±2.5 | 63.8±1.6* |
| K L (mmol MPa−1 m−2 s−1) | 6.9±0.1 | 10.9±1.4* |
| D v-e (µm) | 195.8±8.6 | 215.4±8.5 |
n = 6±SE. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between shade and full sun treatments.
Abbreviations: PP:SP, palisade-to-spongy parenchyma ratio; SPIgcl, stomatal pore index based on guard cell length; g wmax, maximal theoretical stomatal conductance to water vapour; K t, midrib conductance; K L, leaf hydraulic conductance; D v-e, vertical distance from the vein to the stomatal epidermis.