Table 2.

Structure, action and sources of nutraceuticals

Name and structure	Neutraceutical action	Sources	References
1. Zingiberene	Heart diseases, clotting defects, anti platelet aggregation	Ginger	[64]
2. Citral	Cancers, induction of apoptosis	Lemon grass	[65]
3. 6-Shogaol	CHD, cancers, anti platelet aggregations and apoptosis	Ginger	[66]
4. Ellagic acid	Block pro carcinogens, reduce esophageal, and colon cancers and induction of apoptosis	Strawberries, raspberries, pomegranate	[67]
5. Ellagi tannins condensed polyphenols	Anti carcinogenic, induction of apoptosis	Strawberries, raspberries, pomegranate	[67]
6. Catechin, gallocatechin Caffeic acid, anthocyanins Gallocatechin gallate	CHD and cancer induction of apoptosis	Strawberries, raspberries, pomegranate	[18]
7. Chlorogenic acid	Anticarcinogenic induction of apoptosis	Blueberries, tomatoes, coffee, tender garlic leaves	[68]
8. Genistein	Prevent breast and prostate cancer induction of apoptosis	Soyabean	[69]
9. Vitamin E	Prevent conversion of nitrates and nitrites to nitrosamines (carcinogens)	Germinated seeds, fish oils	[70]
10. Limonene	CHD, cancer induction of apoptosis	Black pepper, carda	[71]
11. Eugenol	CHD, cancer induction of apoptosis, anti microbial	Clove, all spice, ginger	[72]
12. β-Carotens	CHD, cancer, induction of apoptosis	Carrots, tomatoes, apricot, sweet potatoes, yellow fruit, pumpkins	[73]
13. Myricetin	Hepato protective, anti viral	Nutmeg, black pepper, carrots, parsley	[74]
14. Epi catechin	CHD, cancer, induction of apoptosis	Tea, beans	[48]
15. Epigallocatechin (a tannin polyphenol with 5 hydroxyl group)	Cancer and CHD, induction of apoptosis	Red wine, apple, cherry	[75]
16. Vanillin	Induction of apoptosis	Vanilla	[76]
17. Resveratrol	CHD	Red wine	[77]
18. WithaperuvinE	Anti lipid peroxidation activity	Roots of physalis peruvianna L.	[78]
19. Coumestrol	Prevents breast and prostate cancer by preventing estradiol to its receptors	Legumes, soya beans, spinach	[79]
20. Beta-sistosterol	Reduces blood cholesterol level, plays some role in the possible effect of herbal therapy in benign prostatic hypertrophy	Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oil, pumpkins and soyabean	[80]
21. Brassicasterol	Hypocholesterolemic	Algae, oil seed rape	[81]
22. Silymarin	Protective against skin cancer	Artichokes and milk thistle	[82]
23. Mangiferin	Protects DNA from radiation	Mango	[31]
24. Glycyrrhizic acid	Protects DNA from radiation	Glycyrrhiza glabra	[83]
25. Punicalogin	Protects DNA from radiation	Pomegranate	[84]
26. Caffeicacid, anthocyanins	CHD	Coffee seeds	[85]
27. Ellagic acid and Phyllemblic acid (polyphenols)	B(ap)induced cancers, lung and stomach cancer	Amla (gooseberry)	[37]
28. Vitamin C	CHD, cataract, cold cit	Amla, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, potatoes, black, pepper, tomatoes	[86]
29. Vitamin E	CHD, prostate cancer, Alzheimer’s disease	Eggs, vegetable oils, ground nuts, oats
30. β Carotene	CHD, lung cancer	Carrot, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, apricot, papaya	[87]
31. Lutein	Eye diseases	Dark coloured vegetables, leaves, orange, spinach	[88]
32. Lycopene	Anti tumor, induced apoptosis	Tomatoes	[89]
33. Curcumin	Antitumor, immuno stimulant, induction of apoptosis	Turmeric	[90]
34. Ajoene	Antitumor, immuno stimulant, induction of apoptosis, antiplatelet aggregation	Garlic and its oils	[91]
35. Allicin type compounds	Antitumor, Immuno stimulant, Induction of apoptosis, detoxification of heavy metal poisoning e.g., lead, cadmium, arsenic, anti viral action e.g., chikungunya, anti bacterial action e.g., jaundice	Garlic, onion and their oils	[35, 38, 40, 41, 91, 92]