Table 2.

Examples of some recently described antimutagenic compounds and their mechanisms of action

Antimutagen	Mechanism of action	Reference
Cysteine	- Direct chemical interaction with a mutagen	Watanabe et al. (1994)
Gallic acid	- Scavenging of the electrophilic mutagens - Binding or insertion into the outer membrane transporters, leading to the blockage of a mutagen that was transferred into the cytosol	Hour et al. (1999)
Lipoic acid	- Antioxidant potency	Unal et al. (2013)
Phenolics	- Interference with cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of mutagens - Interaction with active mutagenic metabolites - DNA protection against mutagens presenting electrophilic properties	De Flora et al. (2001) Marnewick et al. (2000)
Acacia salicina	- Antioxidant effects - Direct interaction with mutagens electrophilic metabolites - Influence on the enzymes engaged in the metabolism of mutagens	Chatti et al. (2011) Boubaker et al. (2011)
Acanthopanax divaricatus var. albeofructus (ADA) extracts	- Rapid elimination of mutagenic compounds from the cells before the induction of DNA damage	Hong et al. (2011)
Lichen species	- Antioxidant activity	Nardemir et al. (2013) Agar et al. (2010) Gulluce et al. (2010)
Mangifera indica L. stem bark (MSBE)	- Antioxidant activity - Inhibition of the metabolic activation of promutagens	Morffi et al. (2012)
Phellinus rimosus extract	- Direct inactivation of mutagens - Inhibition of the metabolic activation of promutagens - Antioxidant potency	Ajith and Janardhanan (2011)
Phytoconstituents from Terminalia arjuna	- Inhibition of the metabolic activation of promutagens	Kaur et al. (2010)
Powder of grain (Lisosan G)	- Antioxidant effects	Frassinetti et al. (2012)
Wheat bran	- Antioxidant potency - Modulation of DNA-repairing enzymes	Pesarini et al. (2013)
Xanthones and flavones of Syngonanthus (Eriocaulaceae)	- Elimination of mutagens from bacteria - Interaction with reactive intermediates of mutagens - The influence on microsomal enzymes	de Oliveira et al. (2013)
β-aminoketones	- Inhibition of the metabolic activation of promutagens - The blockage of mutagens binding to DNA	Gulluce et al. (2010) Hoffmann et al. (2003)
Bichalcophenes	- Binding to DNA and protection against electrophilic mutagens - Interaction with mutagens - Antioxidant activity	Marnewick et al. (2000) Watanabe et al. (1994) Collins et al. (2012)
Luteoline derivatives	- Protection against DNA double-strand breaks - Protection against mutagens intercalating effects or alkylating action	Orhan et al. (2013)
Nitrogen- and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds	- Inhibition of the metabolic activation of promutagens	Turhan et al. (2012)
Organoselenium compounds	- Antioxidant potency	Roy et al. (2012)
Pyrrolidine-2,5-dione derivatives	- Direct interaction with a mutagen	Pękala et al. (2013)
Aminoalkanolic derivatives of xanthones	- Direct interaction with a mutagen	Słoczyńska et al. (2010)