Table 3. Effect of source of care, malaria endemicity and socioeconomic covariates on test uptake.
| AORa | 95% CI | p-value | ||
| Source of care b | Hospital | 1.00 | ||
| Non-hospital formal medical | 0.62 | 0.56–0.69 | <0.001 | |
| Community health worker | 0.31 | 0.23–0.43 | <0.001 | |
| Pharmacy | 0.06 | 0.05–0.09 | <0.001 | |
| Other | 0.10 | 0.08–0.13 | <0.001 | |
| No care sought | 0.05 | 0.04–0.06 | <0.001 | |
| Malaria endemicity c | No transmission | 0.46 | 0.34–0.63 | <0.001 |
| Unstable transmission | 1.32 | 0.11–15.50 | 0.823 | |
| Low stable transmission | 1.00 | |||
| Moderate stable transmission | 1.04 | 0.86–1.25 | 0.697 | |
| High stable transmission | 0.51 | 0.42–0.62 | <0.001 | |
| Child's age (in months) | 0–5 | 0.72 | 0.59–0.87 | 0.001 |
| 6–11 | 1.00 | |||
| 12–23 | 1.24 | 1.09–1.41 | 0.001 | |
| 24–35 | 1.27 | 1.11–1.45 | <0.001 | |
| 36–47 | 1.10 | 0.95–1.26 | 0.203 | |
| 48–59 | 1.18 | 1.02–1.37 | 0.030 | |
| Child's sex | Male | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 0.98 | 0.91–1.06 | 0.676 | |
| Maternal age (in years) | 15–24 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–29 | 1.01 | 0.91–1.12 | 0.891 | |
| 30–34 | 1.06 | 0.94–1.20 | 0.336 | |
| 35–39 | 1.06 | 0.92–1.21 | 0.425 | |
| 40–49 | 0.99 | 0.83–1.17 | 0.890 | |
| Maternal education | No education attendance | 1.00 | ||
| Primary attendance | 1.32 | 1.19–1.46 | <0.001 | |
| Secondary or higher attendance | 1.33 | 1.16–1.54 | <0.001 | |
| Household wealth index | Poorest | 1.00 | ||
| Second | 0.99 | 0.87–1.13 | 0.850 | |
| Middle | 1.03 | 0.90–1.18 | 0.670 | |
| Fourth | 1.21 | 1.06–1.40 | 0.006 | |
| Least poor | 1.63 | 1.39–1.91 | <0.001 | |
| Number of household members | 0–4 | 1.00 | ||
| 5–8 | 0.95 | 0.86–1.05 | 0.307 | |
| 9–12 | 0.87 | 0.76–0.99 | 0.036 | |
| 13 or more | 0.66 | 0.54–0.80 | <0.001 | |
| Residence | Urban | 1.00 | ||
| Rural | 0.71 | 0.62–0.82 | <0.001 |
CI refers to confidence interval. AOR refers to adjusted odds ratio. COR refers to crude odds ratio.
Mixed-effects logistic regression model in pooled dataset of 13 surveys, adjusted for data clustering and above covariates.
COR (source of care): non-hospital = 0.56 (95% CI: 0.51–0.62); community health worker = 0.30 (95% CI: 0.21–0.41); pharmacy = 0.06 (95% CI: 0.05–0.08); other = 0.09 (95% CI: 0.07–0.12); no care sought = 0.04 (95% CI: 0.04–0.05). Non-hospital formal medical refers to any formal medical source that is not a hospital or CHW. Other refers to traditional practitioners, shops, relatives/friends, or other non-specified locations.
COR (malaria endemicity): no transmission = 0.51 (95% CI: 0.38–0.70); unstable transmission = 5.67 (95% CI: 0.44–73.6); moderate stable transmission = 1.35 (95% CI: 1.12–1.63); high stable transmission = 0.67 (95% CI: 0.55–0.81). No risk areas refer to non-endemic areas. Unstable malaria transmission refers to areas of very low but non-zero transmission. Stable transmission categories refer to low (PfPR2–10<5%), moderate (PfPR2–10 5%–40%) and high (PfPR2–10>40%).