Table 1. Location and main features of the 11 stands with old-growth characteristics included in this study.

Forest Name	Location	Nation	Altitude	Average mean Temp. (°C)	Average Annual Prec. (mm)	Year since last human intervention	Dominant Species	Bedrock	Phytosociological type	Ref.
Abeti Soprani	Central Apennines	I	1250–1450	8.4	1124	30	AA, FS	Marly Limestone	Pulmonario apenninae- Abietetum albae	[31], [61]
Biogradska Gora	Biogradska Gora NP	Mne	1300–1350	2–6	1750–2000	140	FS, AA	Eruptive rocks	Abieti-Fagetum	[32], [62]
Val Cervara	Abruzzo, Lazio, Molise NP	I	1730–1830	7.2	1211	no ref	FS	Limestone	Cardamino kitaibelii- Fagetum sylvaticae	[18], [31], [61], [63], [64]
Monte Cimino	Central Italy	I	925–1053	14.3	1300	61	FS	Trachyte	Allio pendulini- Fagetum sylvaticae	[31], [61]
Collemeluccio	Central Apennines	I	900–1000	9.2	960	50	AA, FS, QC	Marly limestone	Pulmonario apenninae- Abietetum albae	[31], [61]
Fonte Novello	Gran Sasso, Monti della Laga NP	I	1340	10	1071	310	FS	Sandy marlstone	Cardamino kitaibelii- Fagetum sylvaticae	[31], [61], [65]
Gargano Pavari	Gargano NP	I	720–800	11.6	1041	56	FS	Limestone	Anemono apenninae- Fagetum sylvaticae	[31], [61]
Monte di Mezzo	Central Apennines	I	950–1150	8.6	1022	55	FS, QC	Marly Limestone	Anemono apenninae- Fagetum sylvaticae	[31], [61]
Muniellos	Asturias	E	1200–1250	13	1980	70	FS, QP	Quartzite, sandstone	Blechno spicant-Fagetum sylvaticae	[66], [67]
Perucica	Sutjeska NP	BiH	1450–1500	8.6	1363	no ref	AA, FS, PA	Limestone, Sandstone	Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum	[32], [56], [68]
Sasso Fratino	Foreste Casentinesi NP	I	950–1050	9	1689	76	FS, AA	Sandstone, Marlstone	Cardamino heptaphyllae- Fagetum sylvaticae; Aceri platanoidis-Fagetum sylvaticae	[31], [61], [69], [70]

Nations – I: Italy, E: Spain, BiH: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mne: Montenegro. Dominant species – AA: Abies alba, FS: Fagus sylvatica, QC: Quercus cerris, QP: Quercus petraea, PA: Picea abies.