Fig. 7.

Hydraulic functional tissues. After mechanical bending, the upper longitudinal half of the sample that experienced tension strain was perfused with red safranin (top) and the lower half that experienced compression strain was perfused with astra blue (bottom) in order to stain the hydraulic pathways. Staining confirmed that the grain angle of the wood was negligible and that water flowed longitudinally from end to end (Carpinus betulus). (This figure is available in colour at JXB online.)