Figure 3.

Glycolysis Increases with Cell Size

(A) Representative electron microscopy images of Cdk1^Flox/Flox and Cdk1^Liv−/− liver before and after hepatectomy. Arrows and “M” indicate glycogen and mitochondria, respectively. All scale bars represent 500 nm. For quantification, see Figure S3A.

(B) mRNA expression (red line) and protein levels (blue bars) of selected OxPhos proteins. Western blot shows the measured OxPhos complex components, phospho-Thr172-AMPK (pAMPK) levels, and GAPDH (loading control).

(C) Relative ATP and AMP levels in liver samples, as measured by mass spectrometry. Statistical significance was measured by ANOVA.

(D) Proportional expression of key glycolytic genes based on liver RNA-seq data.

(E) Glutamate metabolite levels (orange) and Idh expression levels (blue and gray) correlate with cell size.

(F) Inhibition of glycolysis and glutaminolysis by 2-DG and DON rescue U2OS cell size increase by 1 mM sodium azide (p < 0.001 in both; t test, mean ± SD, n = 3).

See also Figure S3.