Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics

	Massachusetts N (%)	Control N (%)
Total Patients	10,917	156,642
Age mean (std)	34.5 (12.3)	34.5 (12.2)
Female	5,907 (54.1)	86,780 (55.4)
Race
White	6,519 (59.7)	68,101 (43.5)
Minority	4,398 (40.3)	88,542 (56.5)
Elixhauser Comorbidity Index mean (std)	0.63 (1.1)	0.62 (1.1)
Appendectomy	6,939 (63.6)	89,742 (57.3)
Cholecystectomy	3,983 (36.5)	67,002 (42.8)
Hospital Type
NFP, Rural 100+ beds	178 (1.6)	2,723 (3.6)
NFP, Urban <100 beds	724 (6.6)	1,138 (1.5)
NFP, Urban 100–299 beds	4,499 (41.2)	23,697 (31.7)
NFP, Urban 300+ beds	4,840 (44.3)	45,857 (61.2)
Admission Type
Emergent	8,176 (74.9)	140,438 (89.68)
Urgent	2,519 (23.1)	10,930 (6.98)
Elective	2220 (2.0)	5,100 (3.26)
Complicated Presentation	568 (5.2)	9,184 (5.9)