. 2014 Mar 20;4(2):125–159.

Table 5.

Comparison of clinical reports evaluating cardiac innervation in PD using ¹⁸F-FDA

Reference	Number of Patients				Mean PD age (age range)	PD H&Y stage (disease duration yrs)	Methods to evaluate cardiac DYA	PD patient DYA descripttion	Homogenous cardiac perfusion Y/N (radiotracer)	LV regions analyzed	% of LV global uptake reduction	Region of maximal reduction (% of loss)	Significant loss of plasma catechol-amines Y/N	Comments

	PD	MSA	PSP	Control
¹⁸F-FDA
Goldstein et al., 1997	2	9 with SNF 4 w/o SNF	-	22	No age defined	Stage and disease duration not defined	NE spillover, plasma DHPG, LDOPA, DOPAC	n=2 of 2 PD with SNF (No detectable NE spillover)	-	Septal and free wall	Undetect-able levels	-	No detectable increments	PD FDA uptake reduced compared to MSA.
Goldstein et al., 2000	29	24	-	33	70 (No range defined)	Average H&Y 2.4 (disease duration not defined)	OH evaluation after standing, ECG (BP and HR for RR interval), plasma NE spillover, plasma DHPG and LDOPA, valsalva	n=9 of 29 PD with SNF (decreased NE spillover), n=20 of 29 without SNF (12 of 20 had abnormal valsalva)	-	Septal wall (free wall not easily identified). Apex and free wall analyzed by visual inspection.	70%^b	Apex or free wall (no % provided; n=5 of 20 PD without SNF)	Y (DHPG/ LDOPA in 9 of 29)	All PD have reduced septal FDA compared to MSA. Septal FDA lower in PD with SNF compared to PD without SNF. Of 20 PD without SNF, 4 had normal FDA.
Li et al., 2002	9	-	-	-	60 (No range defined)	H&Y 1-3; average 2.2, (disease duration not defined)	Plasma NE and Epi and valsalva only conducted at T=1.	2 timepoints (T1, T2) 1-4 yrs apart. Abnormal valsalva and no OH at T1 or T2.	-	Septal and lateral walls and apex	23%^a,D	Lateral (31%^a,D loss)	N	T1, 2 of 9 had normal FDA and 7 of 9 had decreased FDA confined to lateral wall or apex. T2, all 9 PD have reduced FDA.
Singleton et al., 2004	2 (triplication of α-syn)	-	-	1	5th decade of life	Stage not defined (1-10)	OH evaluation after standing, plasma NE and Epi, valsalva	n=2 of 2 have abnormal valsalva, n=1 of 2 OH	Y (¹³N-NH3)	Septal wall	81.6%^b	-	N	Patients with triplication of α-synuclein have similar FDA uptake as iPD.
Tipre et al., 2005	26	-	-	12	No mean defined (30-70)	Stage and disease duration not defined	No additional cardiac DYA evaluations	n=26 of 26 PD with OH	Y (¹³N-NH3)	Septal wall	No global results provided	-	-	FDA uptake significantly reduced in septal wall of PD and PAF compared to controls.
Goldstein et al., 2007^a	1	-	-	-	56	T1=not yet diagnosed with PD; T2=Stage not defined	Plasma NE and Epi, valsalva	2 timepoints (T1, T2) 4 yrs apart. Abnormal valsalva and exercise and orthostatic intolerance.	-	Septal wall	85%^c	-	N	Severely decreased global FDA uptake at both T1 and T2.
Goldstein et al., 2007^b	1 (LRRK2 T2356I mutation)	-	-	-	63	No stage defined (10)	OH evaluation after standing, plasma NE and DHPG, valsalva	Abnormal valsalva but no OH	Y (¹³N-NH3)	Septal wall	Undetectable levels	-	Y (DHPG was low during OH evaluation; normal NE)	Brain FDA PET showed decreased uptake in the striatum and nigra.

Listed percentages describe loss of ¹⁸F-FDA uptake compared to controls (unless otherwise noted) and reported originally in the reference (^a) or calculated based on data (^b numbers or ^c graph) from the publication. ^Dcompared across timepoints. ¹³N-NH3, [¹³N]-ammonium; ¹⁸F-FDA, [¹⁸F]-dopamine; AF, autonomic failure; BF, baroreflex failure; BP, blood pressure; DHPG, Dihydroxyphenylglycine; DOPAC, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; DYA, dysautonomia; Epi, epinephrine; H&Y, Hoehn & Yahr; iPD, idiopathic PD; LDOPA, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; LRRK2, leucine rich repeating kinase 2; LV, left ventricle; MSA, multiple systems atrophy; NE, norepinephrine; OH, orthostatic hypotension; PAF, pure autonomic failure; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy; SNF, sympathetic neurocirculatory failure.