Table 1. Cancer Hallmarks activation by human viral oncogenes.

The table shows established viral oncogenes, the main cellular pathways they regulate and the cancer hallmarks they can potentially induce. Hallmarks are color coded as in Figure 1. Data from tumor models were given preference. HBV and HCV are potentially able to activate all hallmarks depending on HCC stage as described in the text and Figure 4.

VIRUS	CANCER	V-ONC	PATHWAYS	CANCER HALLMARK
EBV	BL	EBNA
	NHL, NPC	LMP-1	NFkB
		LMP-2A	PI3K, ERK1/2
HPV	CxCa, HNCC	E6	p53, mTOR, hTERT
		E7	Rb
		E5
HBV	HCC	HBx	p53. Rb, Wnt, src, DNMTs, ras, PI3K JNK, NF-κB, ERK1/2. TGFβ, HDACs
HCV	HCC	Core, NS3, Ns5A	p53, PARP, hTERT, TGFβ, HDACs,
HTLV-1	ATLL	Tax	NFkB, CREB, PI3K, DDR
		HZB	c-jun, E2F
KSHV	KS	vFLIP	NFkB
		LANA	p53, Rb, HIF, Notcti, Wnt
		vGPCR	PI3K-AKT-mTOR, ERK, p38, JNK, NFkB,
		vIRF-1	αIFN, p53, ATM, Bim