Table 2.
Characteristics of included RCTs (Part A)
| Study | Country of origin | Criteria used to define ulcer | Symptom/region | Aetiology | Number of centers | Age range/mean age | Number of participants (female) | Criteria used to define no response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yang Y 2007 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Nose | Except hematologic disease and systemic disease | 1 site | 6-72/30 | 76 (36) | Still bleeding, Mucous membrane erosion |
| Chen XM 2010 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Asphyxia neonatorum, pneumonia of newborn, anoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhages and septicemia | 1 site | < 24 h 23, 1-3 d 31, > 3 d 6/mean age not mentioned | experimental group: 30 (12); control group: 30 (17) | Hematemesis aggravated or not improved after 48 h |
| Chu XF 2011 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Duodenal ampulla ulcer, stomach ulcer, portal hypertension, stomach neoplasms, acute gastric mucosal lesion, Mallory-Weiss syndrome | 1 site | experimental group: 43 ± 8 (mean age); control group: 44 ± 8 (mean age) | experimental group: 30 (7); control group: 40 (19) | Still bleeding after 48 h |
| Li L 2009 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Asphyxia neonatorum, meconium aspiration syndrome, intracranial hemorrhages, scleredema and neonatal septicemia combined with stress ulcer | 1 site | experimental group: 1-7 d/4.6 d; control group: 1-7 d/4.8 d | experimental group: 50 (19); control group: 50 (20) | Still bleeding after 48 h |
| Yang QH 2001 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Gastric varices, gastric ulcer, acute gastric mucosal lesion, duodenal ulcer, stress ulcer, subtotal gastrectomy, gastric cancer, leiomyoma of stomach | 1 site | experimental group: 16-78/49.5; control group: 17-76 d/50.5 | experimental group: 55 (14); control group: 54 (15) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Chen GH 2006 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Uterus | Physiotherapy (microwave) | 1 site | experimental group: 20-43/30 ± 2.7; control group: 22-41/31 ± 2.5 | experimental group: 30; control group: 24 | Still bleeding after treatment |
| Qu J 2003 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Uterus | Drug abortion | 1 site | Not mentioned | experimental group: 100; control group: 100 | Still bleeding after 14 d or need curettage |
| Wang GR 2010 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Uterus | Physiotherapy (microwave) | 1 site | experimental group: 23-51/37.2 ± 4.78; control group: 24-52/36.7 ± 5.31 | experimental group: 38; control group: 38 | Still bleeding after treatment |
| Chen DH 2011 | China | Meet the diagnostic criteria published by Chinese Medical Association in 2000 | Ulcer/Colon | Ulcerative colitis | 1 site | experimental group: 16-61/41.3; control group: 14-63/44.2 | experimental group: 36 (10); control group: 36 (8) | After the treatment, the clinical symptoms and the auxiliary examination results not improved |
| Deng WM 2010 | China | - | Ulcer/Colon | Chronic ulcerative colitis | 1 site | 19-74/mean age not mentioned | experimental group: 30 (12); control group: 30 (14) | The symptom not improved compared with pretherapy |
| Li HG 2000 | China | - | Ulcer/Stomach and duodenum | Helicobacter pylori | 1 site | experimental group: 20-65/41; control group: 22-55/41.5 | experimental group: 44 (11); control group: 38 (9) | Ulcers not at healing stage or scarring stage after 1 month after treatment |
| Zhou Y 2001 | China | Diagnosed by gastroscope, diameter of the ulcer: 5-20 mm | Ulcer/Stomach and duodenum | Helicobacter pylori | 4 site | experimental group: 21-71/57.4; control group: 17-76/49.8 | experimental group: 147 (52); control group: 45 (18) | Size of ulcer region decreased by less than 50% |
| Yang H 1996 | China | - | Ulcer/Skin | - | 1 site | not mentioned | experimental group: 30; control group: 30 | Size of ulcer region not decreased |
| Yang SJ 2008 | China | - | Ulcer/Skin | Compression | 1 site | 40-92/mean age not mentioned | experimental group: 30; control group: 30 | Ulcer not healing and still has exudate |
| Gong XH 2005 | China | - | Ulcer/Oral cavity | - | 1 site | 15-76/mean age not mentioned | experimental group: 104; control group: 60 | Ulcer not healing after 6 d |
| Tian S 2010 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Nose | - | 1 site | 17-76/mean age not mentioned | 60 (26) | Still bleeding after treatment |
| Bian HZ 2008 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, acute gastric mucosal lesion | 1 site | experimental group: 22-78/mean age not mentioned; control group: 24-82/mean age not mentioned | experimental group: 100 (37); control group: 90 (35) | Still bleeding after 7 d |
| Chen YP 2003 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, amnionic fluid aspiration syndrome, scleredema | 1 site | 10h-16 d/mean age not mentioned | experimental group: 18 (8); control group: 18 | Still bleeding after 48 h |
| Chen YP 2008 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Any factors avoid hematopoietic system disease, swallowed blood syndrome, and coagulation disorder | 1 site | 10h-16 d/mean age not mentioned | experimental group: 46; control group: 44 | Still hematemesis after treatment |
| Chu AL 2010 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, purulent meningitis, septicemia | 1 site | experimental group: < 37 weeks 4, 37-40 weeks 28, > 40 weeks 8; control group: < 37 weeks 2, 37-40 weeks 28, > 40 weeks 6 | experimental group: 40 (8); control group: 36 (8) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Dong XF 2009 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Craniocerebral trauma combined with stress ulcer | 1 site | experimental group: 5-75/41; control group: 4-76/42 | experimental group: 60 (22); control group: 58 (25) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Dong XJ 2004 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, complex ulcer, acute gastric mucosal lesion | 1 site | experimental group: 21-69/39.6; control group: 19-70/38.5 | experimental group: 33 (6); control group: 32 (4) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Fan J 2011 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Cerebral hemorrhage account for stress ulcer | 1 site | experimental group: 42.5-78.6; control group: 44.3-80.1 | experimental group: 53 (25); control group: 53 (24) | Still bleeding after 1 w and need other drugs or surgery |
| Ge J 1998 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric carcinoma, acute gastric mucosal lesion | 1 site | experimental group: 18-79; control group: 21-65 | experimental group: 86 (18); control group: 36 (9) | Still have dark stools or hematemesis or still bleeding certified by gastroscope after 5 days |
| Ge SG 2001 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer | 1 site | age range not mentioned/47.8 | 72 (14) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| He SQ 2011 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Craniocerebral injury (GCS < 8) | 1 site | experimental group: 5-75/41; control group: 4-76/42 | experimental group: 30 (9); control group: 29 (8) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Huang HY 2008 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Portal hypertension | 1 site | experimental group: 19-60/46; control group: 19-60/44 | experimental group: 45 (10); control group: 42 (10) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Li M 2001 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Asphyxia neonatorum, anoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhages and meconium aspiration syndrome | 1 site | experimental group: 1-3 days 28, 4-6 days 6, > 7 days 3; control group: 1-3 days 26, 4-6 days 5, > 7 days 4 | experimental group: 37 (13); control group: 35 (12) | Still bleeding after 48 h |
| Li ML 2010 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Peptic ulcer | 1 site | experimental group: 20-65/42.5 ± 15.5; control group: 18-66/41.5 ± 16.0 | experimental group: 60 (24); control group: 55 (22) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Li QM 2007 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Portal hypertension | 1 site | experimental group: 60-80/74.5 ± 7.9; control group: 60-80/73.2 ± 7.1 | experimental group: 43 (13); control group: 40 (12) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Li YM 2009 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, complex ulcer | 1 site | experimental group: 28-71; control group: 25-69 | experimental group: 40 (5); control group: 40 (6) | Still have dark stools or hematemesis after 5 days, symptom was not improved, or FOB positive |
| Luo Y 2012 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, scleredema neonatorum, septicemia | 1 site | experimental group: 1-3 days 33, 4-6 days 7, ≥ 7 days 2; control group: 1-3 days 29, 4-6 days 9, ≥ 7 days 3 | experimental group: 42 (22); control group: 41 (23) | Still bleeding after 48 h |
| Pang Y 2004 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Craniocerebral trauma | 1 site | 21-78/38.8 | 98 (24) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Shi SY 2011 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Portal hypertension, peptic ulcer, gastric mucosal lesion, stomach neoplasms | 1 site | experimental group: 43-67; control group: 42-65 | experimental group: 30 (13); control group: 30 (16) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Sun YM 2003 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage account for stress ulcer | 1 site | experimental group: 40-78/56; control group: 37-80/58 | experimental group: 55 (24); control group: 34 (13) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Wang CJ 2009 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Asphyxia neonatorum, pneumonia of newborn, anoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhages, cold lesion syndrome, feeding intolerance and meconium aspiration syndrome | 1 site | 40 min-7 d | experimental group: 25; control group: 25 | Still have melena after 48 h |
| Wang WD 1996 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Peptic ulcer, gastric mucosal lesion, stomach neoplasms | 1 site | experimental group: 20-72/37.14 ± 16.65; control group: 22-68/35.25 ± 14.51 | experimental group: 114 (21); control group: 42 (11) | Still bleeding after 5 d |
| Zhang XR 2005 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Asphyxia neonatorum, pneumonia of newborn, anoxic ischemic encephalopathy and septicemia account for stress ulcer | 1 site | experimental group: 1-3 days 25, 3-6 days 4, ≥ 7 days 3; control group: 1-3 days 23, 3-6 days 4, ≥ 7 days 3 | experimental group: 32 (12); control group: 30 (10) | Still bleeding after 48 h |
| Zhong LY 2012 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Peptic ulcer | 1 site | experimental group: 51 (median age); control group: 50 (median age) | experimental group: 45 (22); control group: 40 (19) | Still bleeding after 72 h or rebleeding and need other treatment |
| Zhou Y 2006 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, complex ulcer, marginal ulcer | 1 site | experimental group: 15-60/mean age not mentioned; control group: 18-62/mean age not mentioned | experimental group: 54 (6); control group: 35 (5) | Still bleeding after 5 d |
| Zhuang DY 2000 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Upper digestive tract | Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, purulent meningitis, septicemia | 1 site | experimental group: 32-37 weeks 8, 38-40 weeks 10, > 40 weeks 2; control group: 32-37 weeks 10, 38-40 weeks 7, > 40 weeks 1 | experimental group: 20 (7); control group: 18 (8) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Zhang CX 2005 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Lower digestive tract | Colonic polyps, rectal polypus, rectal neoplasms, colon neoplasms, vascular malformation, ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, colon diverticulum | 1 site | experimental group: 11-76/57 ± 12; control group: 15-78/54 ± 10 | experimental group: 55 (19); control group: 55 (21) | Still bleeding after 72 h |
| Huang LR 2009 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Uterus | Physiotherapy (microwave) | 1 site | experimental group: 26-57/34 ± 6.21; control group: 25-53/33 ± 7.28 | experimental group: 45; control group: 35 | No improvement after treatment |
| Li L 2007 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Uterus | Loop electrosurgical excision procedure | 1 site | experimental group: 21-44/32 ± 6.33; control group: 22-47/33 ± 8.37 | experimental group: 32; control group: 25 | The decrease of volume of bleeding was less than 50% |
| Zhang M 2009 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Uterus | Physiotherapy (microwave) | 1 site | 19-45 | experimental group: 40; control group: 28 | No improvement after treatment |
| Zhao X 2008 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Uterus | Physiotherapy (microwave) | 1 site | 19-43 | experimental group: 80 (80); control group: 32 (32) | Still bleeding after treatment |
| Zhu SZ 2004 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Uterus | Drug abortion | 1 site | 17-35/mean age not mentioned | experimental group: 194; control group: 194 | The volume of bleeding was more than the menstrual blood volume |
| Zhu XP 2010 | China | - | Hemorrhage/Uterus | Physiotherapy (microwave) | 1 site | experimental group: 22-45/32.5; control group: 21-48/34.5 | experimental group: 27 (27); control group: 28 (28) | Size of ulcer region not decreased |
| Huang ZX 2008 | China | - | Ulcer/Stomach and duodenum | Peptic ulcer | 1 site | Not mentioned | experimental group: 80; control group: 60 | The symptom not improved compared with pretherapy and size of ulcer region not decreased |
| Liu M 2010 | China | Diagnosed by gastroscope according to the criteria published by the Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China | Ulcer/Stomach and duodenum | Peptic ulcer | 1 site | experimental group: 19-75/36.6; control group: 18-73/34.4 | experimental group: 55 (19); control group: 55 (17) | Size of ulcer region decreased by less than 50% |
| Xu XZ 1994 | China | - | Ulcer/Stomach and duodenum | Peptic ulcer | 1 site | experimental group: 18-76/39.5 ± 13.6; control group: 19-65/34.9 ± 11.5 | experimental group: 69 (25); control group: 69 (27) | Size of ulcer region decreased by less than 50% |
| Chen X 2009 | China | Meet the diagnostic criteria published by Chinese Medical Association in 2001 | Ulcer/Colon | Ulcerative colitis | 1 site | 21-73/38.4 ± 11.0 | totle: 134 (35); experimental group: 69; control group: 65 | After the treatment, the clinical symptoms and the examination results not improved |
| Du KT 2011 | China | Meet the diagnostic criteria published by Chinese Medical Association in 2000 | Ulcer/Colon | Ulcerative colitis | 1 site | 20-57/37.5 | totle: 60 (27); experimental group: 30; control group: 30 | After the treatment, the clinical symptoms and the auxiliary examination results not improved |
| Zhang LL 2010 | China | Meet the diagnostic criteria published by Chinese Medical Association in 2000 | Ulcer/Colon | Ulcerative colitis | 1 site | experimental group: 21-60/37.5 ± 12.48; control group: 20-58/36.0 ± 11.29 | experimental group: 30 (5); control group: 30 (6) | After the treatment, the clinical symptoms and the auxiliary examination results not improved |
| Zhao GM 2011 | China | - | Ulcer/Oral cavity | - | 1 site | 18-60/28.5 | totle: 64 (10); experimental group: 32; control group: 32 | After the treatment, the clinical symptoms not improved |