Table 1.
Clinical maxillofacial features of patients with pycnodysostosis
| Grooved palate | Midfacial hypoplasia | Mandibular hypoplasia | Dental crowding | Enamel hypoplasia | Narrow palate | Cross/open bite | Class III Skeletal | Dental abnormalities | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agarwal et al. [16] | ++ | - | + | - | - | + | -/- | - | - |
| Alves et al. [13] | + | + | + | - | - | + | -/+ | - | - |
| Bathi & Masur [8] | ++ | + | - | - | + | ++ | -/- | - | - |
| Delgado et al. [17] | + | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | - |
| Fleming et al. [18] | + | + | + | + | - | - | -/- | - | + |
| Fonteles et al. [7] | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | ++++ | - | - | ++++/+++ | ++++ | ++++ |
| Francisco & Nicholoff [25] | - | + | - | - | - | + | -/- | - | - |
| Hunt et al. [15] | +++ | ++ | ++ | - | - | - | ++/- | + | + |
| Ilankovan & Moos [5] | + | + | + | - | + | - | -/- | + | - |
| Kamak et al. [19] | + | + | - | - | - | + | +/+ | + | + |
| Kawahara et al. [20] | + | + | + | + | - | - | -/- | - | - |
| Kshirsagar et al. [21] | + | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | - |
| Muto et al. [2] | + | + | + | - | + | - | +/- | - | - |
| Nørholt et al. [6] | - | + | - | - | - | - | +/+ | + | - |
| O’Connell et al. [3] | ++ | + | + | ++ | - | - | -/- | - | - |
| Ramaiah et al. [22] | - | + | - | + | + | - | -/- | - | - |
| Soares et al. [23] | + | + | + | + | + | -/+ | - | ||
| Soliman et al. [24] | - | - | - | - | +++++++ | - | -/- | - | - |
| Number of patients* | 22 | 20 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 9/7 | 8 | 7 |
| Percentaje (%) | 66.66 | 60.60 | 39.39 | 36.36 | 33.33 | 27.27 | 27.27/21.21 | 24.24 | 21.21 |
*
n=33; (+) presence (each + represents a patient); (-) absence or no related.