Table 1.

Ontogeny of structural diversity of empirical attempts to assess relative vulnerabilities of species to climate change

Model	Estimator of CE	SPSTs analyzed and empirical examples	Conclusion
V = CE	Ta	None [environmental niche modeling (13)]	Most species will have smaller ranges in the future and so are vulnerable to climate change
V = SPSTs	None	BMR (9)	Eurytherms are more resistant than stenotherms
V = SPSTs, Splasticity PSTs	None	CTmax, acclimation capacity of CTmax (10)	Restricted acclimation capacity of warm-climate species renders them more vulnerable compared with cool climate species
V = SPSTs, CE	Ta	CTmax, CTmin, Topt, Tb (14)	Tropical species more vulnerable than temperate species because they have lower TSMs or elevated metabolic costs
		CTmax (6, 15–17)
		BMR (18)
V = SPSTs, CE	Ta	CTmin, CTmax, thermal sensitivity of fitness (19)	Both temperate and tropical species are near thermal limits
V = SPSTs, SB, CE	Ta and Te	CTmax (3)	Both temperate and tropical species are near thermal limits and require behavioral moderation of exposure to persist