Table 3.
Associations Between Daytime Napping and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in 16,374 Men and Women, European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer-Norfolk, United Kingdom, 2000–2012
| Time Spent Napping by Cause and No. of Deaths | Total No. | Model Aa |
Model Bb |
Model Cc |
Model Dd |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | ||
| No napping | 11,493 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| All-cause mortality (n = 3,251) | |||||||||
| <1 hour | 4,412 | 1.22e | 1.13, 1.31 | 1.25e | 1.15, 1.37 | 1.14f | 1.03, 1.27 | 1.14g | 1.02, 1.27 |
| ≥1 hour | 469 | 1.54e | 1.31, 1.81 | 1.56e | 1.30, 1.88 | 1.34g | 1.07, 1.68 | 1.32g | 1.04, 1.68 |
| Overall P | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.01 | |||||
| Cardiovascular disease (n = 1,034) | |||||||||
| <1 hour | 4,412 | 1.24f | 1.09, 1.41 | 1.22g | 1.05, 1.43 | 1.05 | 0.88, 1.26 | 1.00 | 0.81, 1.22 |
| ≥1 hour | 469 | 1.70e | 1.30, 2.21 | 1.59f | 1.16, 2.19 | 1.03 | 0.67, 1.57 | 0.92 | 0.57, 1.48 |
| Overall P | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.86 | 0.94 | |||||
| Cancer (n = 1,213) | |||||||||
| <1 hour | 4,412 | 1.17g | 1.04, 1.33 | 1.17g | 1.01, 1.34 | 1.15 | 0.97, 1.35 | 1.18 | 1.00, 1.41 |
| ≥1 hour | 469 | 1.10 | 0.81, 1.50 | 1.15 | 0.81, 1.63 | 1.27 | 0.86, 1.88 | 1.27 | 0.84, 1.92 |
| Overall P | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.12 | |||||
| Respiratory disease (n = 286) | |||||||||
| <1 hour | 4,412 | 1.36g | 1.06, 1.74 | 1.65e | 1.23, 2.23 | 1.45g | 1.01, 2.07 | 1.40 | 0.95, 2.05 |
| ≥1 hour | 469 | 2.3e | 1.48, 3.65 | 2.81e | 1.66, 4.75 | 2.51f | 1.37, 4.60 | 2.56f | 1.34, 4.86 |
| Overall P | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.02 | |||||
| All other causes (n = 718) | |||||||||
| <1 hour | 4,412 | 1.22g | 1.04, 1.43 | 1.31f | 1.09, 1.58 | 1.18 | 0.95, 1.45 | 1.18 | 0.94, 1.47 |
| ≥1 hour | 469 | 1.68f | 1.21, 2.33 | 1.75f | 1.18, 2.59 | 1.46 | 0.92, 2.32 | 1.56 | 0.96, 2.53 |
| Overall P | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.15 | 0.13 | |||||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
a Adjusted for age and sex.
b Adjusted for the variables in model A and social class, educational level, marital status, employment status, body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2), physical activity level, smoking status, and alcohol intake.
c Adjusted for the variables in model B and depression, self-reported general health, hypnotic drug use, antidepressant use, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease drug use, and time spent in bed at night.
d Adjusted for the variables in model C and self-reported preexisting diseases and underlying sleep apnea.
e P < 0.001.
f P < 0.01.
g P < 0.05.