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. 2014 Apr;27(2):371–418. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00122-13

TABLE 8.

PCR-based assays for detection and molecular characterization of food-borne trematodesc

Species Amplification method Detection method(s) Target Sample type(s) Reference
O. viverrini PCR Gel electrophoresis O. viverrini-specific repetitive DNA fragment Stool 491
O. viverrini PCRa Gel electrophoresis O. viverrini-specific repetitive DNA fragment Stool 492
O. viverrini, C. sinensis Multiplex PCR Gel electrophoresis Mitochondrial DNA Worms, metacercariae, eggs 493
Opisthorchiidae PCR Gel electrophoresis ITS2 Stool 494
O. viverrini PCRa Gel electrophoresis O. viverrini-specific repetitive DNA fragment Stool 495
O. viverrini Real-time PCR Hydrolysis probe O. viverrini-specific repetitive DNA fragment Tumor tissue 368
O. viverrini PCR Gel electrophoresis O. viverrini genomic DNA clone Stool 496
O. viverrini, C. sinensis, Haplorchis taichui PCR-RFLP Gel electrophoresis ITS2 Stool 497
O. viverrini, H. taichui Nested PCR Gel electrophoresis cox1 Stool 498
C. sinensis, O. felineus, O. viverrini Real-time PCR Hydrolysis probe ITS2 Stool 369
O. viverrini Real-time PCR FRET probes-MCA O. viverrini-specific repetitive DNA fragment Stool 499
O. viverrini, H. taichui PCR Gel electrophoresis ITS1 Stool 489
O. viverrini, H. taichui PCR Gel electrophoresis ITS2 Stool
C. sinensis, O. viverrini, O. felineus MLPA Gel electrophoresis, capillary sequencer ITS1 Worm 372
O. viverrini (and S. stercoralis) Real-time multiplex PCRb FRET probes-MCA O. viverrini-specific repetitive DNA fragment Stool 356
O. viverrini, H. taichui HAT-RAPD PCR Gel electrophoresis Genomic Microscopy-positive stool 500
O. viverrini LAMP Visual nad1 Stool, fish 374
O. viverrini LAMP Real time, visual ITS1 Stool 373
O. viverrini, C. sinensis Real-time multiplex PCRb FRET probes-MCA nad2 Stool 371
C. sinensis Real-time PCR Hydrolysis probe ITS1 Stool, fish 370
F. hepatica, F. gigantica, intermediate Fasciola Sequence-related amplified polymorphism Gel electrophoresis Random nucleotide sequence Worms 501
F. hepatica, F. gigantica PCR-RFLP Gel electrophoresis SSU rDNA Worms 502
F. hepatica, F. gigantica, intermediate Fasciola PCR-RFLP Gel electrophoresis ITS2 Worms 503
F. hepatica, F. gigantica, intermediate Fasciola PCR Gel electrophoresis ITS2 Worms 504
F. hepatica, F. gigantica LAMP Visual IGS Worms, cercariae, eggs 505
F. hepatica, F. gigantica Multiplex PCR Gel electrophoresis Mitochondrial DNA Worms, miracidia, eggs, stools 506
Paragonimus PCR sequencing Sequence ITS2 Eggs 507
P. westermani LAMP Visual ITS2 Sputum, pleural fluid, crabs, crayfish 380
P. westermani, Fasciolopsis buski, F. gigantica PCR Gel electrophoresis ITS2 Worms 508
Paragonimus heterotremus, P. westermani, P. macrorchis, P. siamensis, P. harinasutai, and P. bangkokensis Real-time PCR FRET probes and MCA ITS2 Feces of experimentally infected cats 509
Paragonimus bangkokensis, P. harinasutai, P. heterotremus, P. macrorchis, P. siamensis, P. westermani PCR pyrosequencing Sequence ITS2 Metacercariae 510
a

PCR primers are described in reference 491.

b

PCR primers are described in reference 499.

c

Abbreviations: RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism; MCA, melt curve analysis; HRM, high-resolution melt curve analysis; SSU, small subunit; ITS, internal transcribed spacer; HSP, heat shock protein; IGS, intergenic spacer region; cox1, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene; nad1, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1; nad2, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2; MLPA, multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification; HAT-RAPD, high-annealing-temperature random amplified polymorphic DNA; LAMP, loop-mediated isothermal amplification; FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer.