FIG 1.

Antiviral effects of AgNP-MHCs at various concentrations against bacteriophage ϕX174 (a), MNV (b), and AdV2 (c). Target viruses were treated with different concentrations of AgNP-MHCs, and with OH-MHCs (4.6 × 10⁹ particles/ml) as a control, in a shaking incubator (150 rpm, 1 h, 25°C). The plaque assay method was used to measure surviving viruses. Values are means ± standard deviations (SD) from three independent experiments. Asterisks indicate significantly different values (P < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's test).