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Antiviral effects of AgNP-MHCs after various reaction times. (a) Bacteriophage ϕX174; (b) MNV, plaque assay; (c) MNV, RT-PCR; (d) AdV2, plaque assay; (e) AdV2, RT-PCR. Target viruses was treated with AgNP-MHCs or OH-MHCs (control) at 4.6 × 109 particles/ml in a shaking incubator (25°C, 150 rpm) for 1, 3, and 6 h. Surviving viruses were measured by plaque assay and RT-PCR. The results are expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD) from three independent experiments.
