FIG 3.

Antiviral activities of Ag30-MHCs after exposure to various pH conditions. (a) Bacteriophage MS2; (b) bacteriophage ϕX174. First, Ag30-MHCs were exposed to acidic (pH 2.0 and 5.0) and alkaline (pH 9.0 and 12.0) conditions, created by adding 0.1 N HCl or 0.1 N NaOH to distilled water, in a shaking incubator (150 rpm, 10 min, 25°C). The acid or alkali was neutralized, and the target microorganisms were reacted with the treated and untreated (control, pH 7.6) Ag30-MHCs in a shaking incubator (150 rpm, 1 h, 25°C). Values are expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD) from three independent experiments. Asterisks indicate significantly different values (P < 0.05 by Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's test).