TABLE 1.
Sources and characteristics of included studies (n = 45) and risk factors for transmission and acquisition of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa based on multivariate analysesa
| Risk factor | No. offactors | Sourcesb | No. of cases |
Case-control studies |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range | No. | OR range | |||
| Carbapenem use | 19 | Harris, 2011 (33); Lautenbach, 2010 (34); Lepelletier, 2010 (35); Cezario, 2009 (36); Mueller, 2008 (37); Onguru, 2008 (27); Pena, 2007 (38); Mentzelopoulos, 2007 (39); Fortaleza, 2006 (25); Ohmagari, 2005 (40); Ozkurt, 2005 (41); 2× Zavascki, 2005 (42); Cao, 2004 (43); Harris, 2002 (26); Troillet, 1997 (44); Carmeli, 1999 (45); Lodise, Jr., 2007 (46); Montero, 2010 (47) | 5–354 | 12 | 3.6–76.0 |
| Quinolone use | 11 | van der Bij, 2011 (12); Kohlenberg, 2010 (48); Pena, 2009 (49); Yang, 2009 (50); Pena, 2007 (38); Lautenbach, 2006 (51); Zavascki, 2006 (52); Nouer, 2005 (53); Defez, 2004 (54); Lodise, Jr., 2007 (46); Montero, 2010 (47) | 15–354 | 5 | 2.5–48.4 |
| Vancomycin use | 3 | Harris, 2002 (26); Fortaleza, 2006 (25); Onguru, 2008 (27) | 75–120 | 3 | 1.8–2.9 |
| Other antibiotic use | 18 | 2× Furtado, 2010 (55); Lepelletier, 2010 (35); 2× Martinez, 2009 (56); 2× Onguru, 2008 (27); 2× Aloush, 2006 (57); Fortaleza, 2006 (25); Zavascki, 2006 (52); Nouer, 2005 (53); Ozkurt, 2005 (41); Zavascki, 2005 (42); Defez, 2004 (54); 2× Harris, 2002 (26); Richard, 1994 (58) | 15–120 | 9 | 2.2–43.7 |
| Medical devices | 21 | Nagao, 2011 (59); Park, 2011 (60); Kohlenberg, 2010 (48); 2× Cezario, 2009 (36); Cortes, 2009 (61); Fortaleza 2009 (62); Martinez, 2009 (56); Pena, 2009 (49); Mueller, 2008 (37); Onguru, 2008 (27); Pereira, 2008 (63); Zavascki, 2005 (42); 2× Defez, 2004 (54); Cao, 2004 (43); 2× Dropulic, 1995 (64); Talon, 1995 (65); Thuong, 2003 (66); Lodise, Jr., 2007 (46) | 6–204 | 13 | 2.1–64.3 |
| ICU admission | 8 | van der Bij, 2011 (12); Lepelletier, 2010 (35); Eagye, 2009 (67); Furtado, 2009 (68); Mueller, 2008 (37); Aloush, 2006 (57); Zavascki, 2006 (52); Harris, 2002 (26) | 35–120 | 5 | 1.1–13.3 |
| Underlying disease | 12 | Furtado, 2010 (55); 3× Fortaleza 2009 (62); Pena, 2007 (38); 3× Zavascki, 2006 (52); Fortaleza, 2006 (25); Ohmagari, 2005 (40); Troillet, 1997 (44); Talon, 1995 (65) | 17–260 | 6 | 1.0–25.0 |
| Patient characteristics | 19 | Park, 2011 (60); 2× Furtado, 2010 (55); Lepelletier, 2010 (35); 2× Eagye, 2009 (67); Cezario, 2009 (36); Aloush, 2006 (57); Zavascki, 2005 (42); Ohmagari, 2005 (40); 2× Defez, 2004 (54); Berthelot, 2001 (69); Carmeli, 1999 (2); 2× Mammina, 2008 (70); 3× Montero, 2010 (47) | 18–354 | 10 | 1.0–13.9 |
| Length of hospital stay | 13 | Harris, 2011 (33); Furtado, 2010 (55); Lautenbach, 2010 (34); Lepelletier, 2010 (35); Yang, 2009 (50); Pereira, 2008 (63); Onguru, 2008 (27); Ozkurt, 2005 (41); Harris, 2002 (26); Carmeli, 1999 (2); 2× Montero, 2010 (47); Arruda, 1999 (71) | 20–354 | 8 | 1.0–6.7 |
| Other | 18 | van der Bij, 2011 (12); Harris, 2011 (33); Lautenbach, 2010 (34); Furtado, 2010 (55); Montero, 2010 (47); Pena, 2009 (49); 2× Aloush, 2006 (57); Fortaleza, 2006 (25); Zavascki, 2006 (52); 2× Ozkurt, 2005 (41); 2× Defez, 2004 (54); Paramythiotou, 2004 (72); Berthelot, 2001 (69); Carmeli, 1999 (45); Dropulic, 1995 (64) | 34–354 | 10 | 1.7–13.2 |
a
From the initial 53 studies, those focused on only patients with bacteremia (n = 8) were excluded. OR, odds ratio.
b
Sources are identified by first author, year, and reference number. 2× or 3×, two or three different factors per reference.