Subunit γ mutations that can compensate for kDNA loss in BF T. brucei brucei also confer drug resistance in vivo. In vivo efficacy of EtBr against BF trypanosomes ectopically expressing a WT, L262P, or γA281del allele, with both endogenous alleles knocked out (dKO), or γA273P in a single endogenous knockout background (sKO), was measured by determining parasitemia in blood samples of infected mice. For the A281del-expressing cells, the acriflavine-induced DK form was assayed in parallel (dashed line). The black arrowheads indicate time points of intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg of body weight EtBr to each surviving mouse.