FIG 4.

TLR stimulation of antibiotic-treated mice increased the bacterium-killing activity and decreased the translocation of pathogenic K. pneumoniae. Antibiotic treatment for 6 days significantly increased the translocation of injected K. pneumoniae to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) (A), liver (B), and blood (C). TLR stimulation with dead E. coli supplementation significantly decreased K. pneumoniae translocation to MLNs (A), liver (B), and blood (C), whereas supplementation with dead S. aureus significantly decreased K. pneumoniae translocation only to the blood (C). Antibiotic treatment for 4 and 6 days significantly decreased the mucosal bacterium-killing activity against E. coli (D) and K. pneumoniae (E). TLR stimulation with dead E. coli but not S. aureus significantly increased the mucosal bacterium-killing activity against both E. coli (D) and K. pneumoniae (E). MLNs, mesenteric lymph nodes; Cont, control; IMab-4, intramuscular antibiotic treatment for 4 days; IMab-6, intramuscular antibiotic treatment for 6 days; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. n = 4 to 6/group.