TABLE 2.
Specimens positive for Plasmodium ovalea
| Specimen no. | Diagnosed species | Microscopy analysis result | Parasitemia (%) | Binaxb |
Genus qPCR, current assay (CT) | P. falciparum qPCR, current assay (CT) | P. vivax qPCR, current assay (CT) | P. malariae qPCR, current assay (CT) | P. ovale qPCR, current assay (CT) | P. malariae qPCR, new assay (CT) | P. ovale qPCR, new assay (CT) | 100% Sequence homolog in blast | P. ovale subspecies | yr of importation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | ||||||||||||||
| 1 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | + | 27.6 | − | − | − | 26.4 | − | 24.5 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2007 |
| 2 | P. ovale | P. ovale | 0.3 | − | + | 23.8 | − | − | − | 28.3 | − | 23.5 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2008 |
| 3 | P. ovale | P. ovale | 0.3 | − | + | 26.1 | − | − | − | 24.4 | − | 22.6 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2008 |
| 4 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | NDc | ND | 26.9 | − | − | − | 33.7 | − | 26.6 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2009 |
| 5 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | ND | ND | − | − | − | − | 36.5 | − | 29.6 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2009 |
| 6 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 26.0 | − | − | − | 25.4 | − | 23.9 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2009 |
| 7 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 31.0 | − | − | − | 30.1 | − | 28.2 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2009 |
| 8 | P. ovale | P. malariae | <0.1 | − | − | 27.2 | − | − | − | − | − | 27.5 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2009 |
| 9 | P. ovale | Psp | <0.1 | − | + | 32.3 | − | − | − | − | − | 24.1 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2010 |
| 10 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 31.1 | − | − | − | 30.1 | − | 29.9 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2010 |
| 11 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 31.4 | − | − | − | 31.3 | − | 28.1 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2010 |
| 12 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 29.9 | − | − | − | 28.8 | − | 27.7 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2010 |
| 13 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 29.7 | − | − | − | 27.4 | − | 27.7 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2010 |
| 14 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 27.2 | − | − | − | 34.8 | − | 28.3 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2011 |
| 15 | P. ovale | P. ovale | 0.1 | − | + | 26.4 | − | − | − | 25.5 | − | 24.6 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2011 |
| 16 | P. ovale | P. ovale | 0.1 | − | − | 34.7 | − | − | − | − | − | 27.5 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2011 |
| 17 | P. ovale | P. ovale | 0.5 | − | − | 32.7 | − | − | − | 30.9 | − | 23.8 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2011 |
| 18 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 33.3 | − | − | − | 32.7 | − | 31.7 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2011 |
| 19 | P. ovale | P. ovale | 0.3 | − | − | 24.4 | − | − | − | 34.5 | − | 26.8 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2011 |
| 20 | P. ovale | Psp | 0.5 | − | + | 30.9 | − | − | − | − | − | 23.0 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2011 |
| 21 | P. ovale | P. ovale | 0.3 | − | + | 28.4 | − | − | − | 27.0 | − | 22.4 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2012 |
| 22 | P. ovale | P. ovale | 0.3 | − | + | 32.2 | − | − | − | 29.5 | − | 25.4 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2012 |
| 23 | P. ovale | P. ovale | 0.2 | − | + | 26.8 | − | − | − | 26.4 | − | 24.4 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2012 |
| 24 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 27.7 | − | − | − | − | − | 28.2 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2012 |
| 25 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 28.4 | 34.1 | − | − | 35.8 | − | 29.8 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2012 |
| 26 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 33.6 | − | − | − | − | − | 31.6 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2012 |
| 27 | P. ovale | P. ovale | 0.3 | − | + | 22.9 | − | − | − | 28.5 | − | 24.0 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2012 |
| 28 | P. ovale | Psp | <0.1 | − | − | − | − | − | − | 32.5 | − | 27.5 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2012 |
| 29 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 34.7 | − | − | − | 34.1 | − | 28.1 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2013 |
| 30 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 30.1 | − | − | − | 29.3 | − | 26.7 | P. ovale | curtisi | 2013 |
| 31 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 29.8 | − | − | − | − | − | 33.1 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2013 |
| 32 | P. ovale | P. ovale | 0.1 | − | + | 26.2 | − | − | − | − | − | 29.7 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2013 |
| 33 | P. ovale | P. ovale | <0.1 | − | − | 29.0 | − | − | − | − | − | 33.1 | P. ovale | wallikeri | 2013 |
P. ovale-positive specimens (n = 33) used in this study. Results from various diagnostic assays are shown. Species unidentifiable by microscopy are indicated as Psp. Species identification was based on concordance of 2 out of 3 species-specific tests, microscopy, qPCR, and BLAST sequence homology. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) tests were run and compared for all 48 specimens with the protocol previously published by Khairnar et al. (current assay) (3) and a new assay with primer/probe sequences and concentrations designed in this study. Based on sequence analysis, 11 P. ovale curtisi (classic type) and 18 P. ovale wallikeri (variant type) cases were identified. Specimen numbers 5, 11, 13, and 22 were duplicate samples from the same patient above and thus were not counted as a case.
Binax T1, Plasmodium falciparum; Binax T2, Pan Plasmodium.
ND, not determined