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. 2014 Jan 20;11(3):1022–1031. doi: 10.1021/mp400689r

Figure 9.

Figure 9

The concentration of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines detected in BAL fluid of mice subsequent to nasal instillation of indicated CSpp formulations. CS = chitosan solution; control = untreated. LLOD for TNF-α = 1.50 pg/mL (A), IL-6 = 0.96 pg/mL (B), IL-12 = 6.38 pg/mL (C), KC = 4.95 pg/mL (D), and MIP-1α = 1.3 pg/mL (E). Each treatment, aside from control and CS, contained 25 μg of pDNA (12.5 μg of pDNA/50 μg, 2× nasal instillations). Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 6). *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.