Table 1.
Substances Used at Initial Episode, if Known, 1975–2009a
| Substance | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 242) | Men (n = 231) | Women (n = 11) | |
| Opioids | 151 (62) | 145 (63) | 6 (55) |
| Intravenous | 137 (57) | 132 (57) | 5 (45) |
| Fentanyl | 114 (47) | 109 (47) | 5 (45) |
| Sufentanil | 21 (9) | 20 (9) | 1 (9) |
| Other intravenous opioid | 39 (16) | 38 (16) | 1 (9) |
| Oral | 26 (11) | 25 (11) | 1 (9) |
| Alcohol | 85 (35) | 82 (35) | 3 (27) |
| Anesthetics/hypnotics | 46 (19) | 43 (19) | 3 (27) |
| Propofol | 11 (5) | 9 (4) | 2 (18) |
| Ketamine | 6 (2) | 6 (3) | 0 |
| Inhaled | 6 (2) | 6 (3) | 0 |
| Benzodiazepines | 30 (12) | 28 (12) | 2 (18) |
| Marijuana/cocaine | 51 (21) | 50 (22) | 1 (9) |
| Marijuana | 33 (14) | 32 (14) | 1 (9) |
| Cocaine | 30 (12) | 30 (13) | 0 |
| Othersb | 33 (14) | 29 (13) | 4 (36) |
a
The substance(s) used during the initial episode of abuse were known in 242 (63%) individuals, and unknown in 142 (37%) individuals. Eighty-five individuals (35%) used more than 1 substance (3 women [27%] and 82 men [35%]), so columns may not sum to total.
b
Others include diphenhydramine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin mushrooms, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), methamphetamines, dexedrine, promethazine, and butalbital.