Table 4. Association between acceptance of wife beating among couples and lifetime physical IPV towards wives.

		Model 1a	Model 2b	Model 3c
		AOR (95%CI)	AOR (95%CI)	AOR (95%CI)
Wives’ factors
Acceptance of wife beating
Not accepting		1.00	–	1.00
Accepting		1.38 (0.74–2.55)	–	1.36 (0.76–2.43)
Education
None		1.00	–	1.00
Primary		0.91 (0.57–1.46)	–	1.01 (0.62–1.64)
Secondary		0.46 (0.21–0.98)*	–	0.64 (0.30–1.35)
Higher		0.39 (0.18–0.83)*	–	0.55 (0.25–1.23)
Mother beaten by father
No		1.00	–	1.00
Yes		1.58 (0.99–2.50)	–	1.62 (0.99–2.68)
Don’t know/others		1.35 (0.67–2.72)	–	1.25 (0.65–2.42)
Regularly beaten as a child
No		1.00	–	1.00
Yes		2.30 (0.96–5.51)	–	2.30 (0.96–5.51)
Don’t know/others		0.83 (0.35–1.98)	–	0.76 (0.32–1.80)
Husbands’ factors
Acceptance of wife beating
	Not accepting	–	1.00	1.00
	Accepting	–	2.81 (1.57–5.05)**	2.58 (1.36–4.91)**
Education
None		–	1.00	1.00
Primary		–	0.93 (0.53–1.62)	0.90 (0.54–1.49)
Secondary		–	0.64 (0.34–1.22)	0.64 (0.34–1.22)
Higher		–	0.49 (0.23–1.05)	0.56 (0.26–1.23)
Mother beaten by father
No		–	1.00	1.00
Yes		–	2.13 (1.20–3.76)**	1.92 (1.03–3.57)*
Don’t know/others		–	0.99 (0.47–2.08)	0.92 (0.42–2.02)
Regularly beaten as a child
No		–	1.00	1.00
Yes		–	3.50 (2.11–5.80)***	3.25 (1.81–5.81)***
Don’t know/others		–	1.26 (0.45–3.48)	1.11 (0.32–3.84)

*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. Notes: Model 1 explored wives’ factors and common factors (wife’s work, household income, number of children, and region) on physical violence. Model 2 examined husbands’ factors and common factors. Model 3 added both wives’ and husbands’ factors into the model.

^aControlled for wife’s age and caste, and common factors.

^bControlled for husband’s age and caste, and common factors.

^cControlled for wife’s and husband’s age and caste, and common factors.