Table 2.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study subjects by gender
|
Men |
p |
Women |
p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 66) | NWL (N = 33) | NWO (N = 33) | Total (N = 98) | NWL (N = 49) | NWO (N = 49) | |||
| Age (years) |
56.0 ± 9.1 |
55.5 ± 8.8 |
56.4 ± 9.6 |
0.699 |
52.9 ± 9.5 |
51.2 ± 9.3 |
54.6 ± 9.4 |
0.071 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) |
23.3 ± 1.3 |
22.4 ± 1.3 |
24.2 ± 0.6 |
<0.001 |
22.3 ± 1.8 |
21.1 ± 1.5 |
23.5 ± 1.0 |
<0.001 |
| Waist to hip ratio |
0.94 ± 0.04 |
0.91 ± 0.04 |
0.97 ± 0. 02 |
<0.001 |
0.82 ± 0.05 |
0.79 ± 0.05 |
0.84 ± 0.02 |
<0.001 |
| Body fat (%) |
23.4 ± 4.1 |
20.2 ± 3.6 |
26.5 ± 1.0 |
<0.001 |
29.6 ± 3.8 |
26.6 ± 2.9 |
32.6 ± 1.4 |
<0.001 |
| Body fat (kg) |
15.5 ± 3.2 |
13.2 ± 2.6 |
17.9 ± 1.5 |
<0.001 |
16.6 ± 3.0 |
14.5 ± 2.5 |
18.7 ± 1.7 |
<0.001 |
| Visceral fat (kg) |
2.3 ± 0.6 |
1.8 ± 0.5 |
2.8 ± 0.2 |
<0.001 |
1.8 ± 0.5 |
1.4 ± 0.4 |
2.3 ± 0.3 |
<0.001 |
| Subcutaneous fat (kg) |
13.1 ± 2.6 |
11.3 ± 2.2 |
15.0 ± 1.3 |
<0.001 |
14.7 ± 2.6 |
13.0 ± 2.2 |
16.5 ± 1.5 |
<0.001 |
| Muscle mass (kg) |
47.0 ± 4.6 |
48.1 ± 4.7 |
45.9 ± 4.2 |
0.047 |
36.1 ± 3.1 |
36.6 ± 3.4 |
35.6 ± 2.8 |
0.122 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) |
125.0 ± 13.7 |
122.5 ± 13.6 |
127.6 ± 13.4 |
0.134 |
119.8 ± 15.3 |
116.1 ± 14.9 |
123.5 ± 15.0 |
0.017 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
78.9 ± 8.2 |
77.9 ± 8.3 |
79.9 ± 8.2 |
0.319 |
74.6 ± 9.7 |
72.5 ± 9.6 |
76.7 ± 9.5 |
0.031 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) |
5.43 ± 0.66 |
5.09 ± 0.48 |
5.76 ± 0.66 |
<0.001 |
5.12 ± 0.62 |
4.90 ± 0.42 |
5.33 ± 0.71 |
<0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) |
5.7 ± 0.5 |
5.6 ± 0.4 |
5.8 ± 0.6 |
0.245 |
5.6 ± 0.5 |
5.5 ± 0.5 |
5.6 ± 0.5 |
0.213 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) |
5.03 ± 0.95 |
5.14 ± 1.01 |
4.93 ± 0.91 |
0.364 |
5.19 ± 0.95 |
5.10 ± 0.84 |
5.29 ± 0.86 |
0.283 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) |
1.36 ± 0.71 |
0.19 ± 0.68 |
1.53 ± 0.71 |
0.048 |
1.36 ± 0.71 |
1.19 ± 0.68 |
1.53 ± 0.71 |
0.010 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) |
1.22 ± 0.26 |
1.31 ± 0.29 |
1.12 ± 0.20 |
0.004 |
1.48 ± 0.31 |
1.56 ± 0.35 |
1.41 ± 0.24 |
0.016 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) |
3.14 ± 0.85 |
3.18 ± 0. 89 |
3.11 ± 0.83 |
0.756 |
3.15 ± 0.77 |
0.04 ± 0.75 |
3.26 ± 0.79 |
0.155 |
| CRP (mg/L) |
2.4 ± 4.50 |
1.8 ± 5.1 |
2.9 ± 4.0 |
0.322 |
1.1 ± 1.3 |
0.8 ± 0.7 |
1.4 ± 1.6 |
0.026 |
| AST (IU/L) |
24.9 ± 11.6 |
25.7 ± 14.7 |
24.1 ± 7.5 |
0.593 |
20.6 ± 5.7 |
20.0 ± 5.6 |
21.3 ± 5.9 |
0.271 |
| ALT (IU/L) |
27.9 ± 15.0 |
24.7 ± 12.2 |
31.1 ± 16.9 |
0.083 |
19.6 ± 13.2 |
18.0 ± 10.5 |
21.2 ± 15.4 |
0.239 |
| Fatty Liver (N,%) |
29 (44.0) |
7 (21.2) |
22 (66.7) |
<0.001 |
24 (24.5) |
7 (14.7) |
17 (34.7) |
0.019 |
| Antihypertension drug (N, (%)) |
15 (22.7) |
6 (18.2) |
9 (27.3) |
0.378 |
9 (9.2) |
4 (8.1) |
5 (10.2) |
>0.999 |
| Statin (N,%) |
7 (10.6) |
2 (6.1) |
5 (15.2) |
0.427 |
7 (7.1) |
6 (12.2) |
1 (2.0) |
0.111 |
| Antiplatelet agent (N,%) | 7 (10.6) | 1 (21.2) | 6 (12.1) | 0.105 | 8 (8.1) | 6 (12.2) | 2 (4.1) | 0.268 |
NWL, normal weight lean; NWO, normal weight obesity; N, number; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; AST/ALT, aspartate/alanine aminotransferase; CRP, C-reactive protein. Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (percentages). The p values represent differences between groups determined by an independent two-sample t-test for continuous variables and the χ2 test or the Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.