Table 3.

Summary of clinical studies on the antitumor effects of IL-12-based treatment in combination therapies or gene therapy

Therapeutic modality	Route of IL-12 (or IL-12-based vaccine) administration	Tumor	Refs.
Combined treatment
Trastuzumab	i.v.	Breast, pancreas, cervical cancer	[134]
Trastuzumab and paclitaxel	i.v. or s.c.	Breast, colon, and other cancers	[131]
Rituximab	s.c.	Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	[135]
Peptide vaccine with adjuvanta	IL-12 + alum or GM-CSF, s.c. at vaccine injection site	Melanoma	[136]
Peptide vaccine with adjuvantb	i.d. at vaccine injection site	Melanoma	[137]
Idiotype vaccine ± GM-CSF	s.c.	Multiple myeloma	[138]
Peptide-loaded PBMCsc	s.c. adjacent to immunization site	Melanoma	[139]
Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin	s.c.	AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma	[140]
IL-2	i.v.	Melanoma, renal cancer	[44, 141]
IFN-α	i.v. or s.c.	Melanoma, renal cancer, and other cancers	[142, 143]
Gene therapy
IL-12-transduced autologous fibroblasts	Peritumoral	Melanoma and other cancers	[144]
Adenovirus encoding IL-12	Intratumoral	Liver, colorectal, pancreatic cancer	[145]
Autologous dendritic cells transfected with adenovirus encoding IL-12 gene	Intratumoral	Gastrointestinal carcinomas	[146]
IL-2 gene modified autologous melanoma cells	s.c.	Melanoma	[147]
Canarypox virus expressing IL-12	Intratumoral	Melanoma	[148]
Canarypox virus expressing IL-12 + expressing B7.1	Intratumoral	Melanoma	[149]

^aPeptides: gp100_209–217 (210M), MART-1_26–35 (27L), tyrosinase_368–376 (370D), adjuvant: Montanide ISA 51

^bPeptides: gp100_209–217 (210M), tyrosinase_368–376 (370D), adjuvant: Montanide ISA 51

^cPeptide: Melan-A_27–35