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. 2014 Mar 21;14:36. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-14-36

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Copyright © 2014 Lathe et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Spirochetes in Alzheimer disease brain. (A) Detection in an immature senile plaque using a cocktail of specific antibodies against Borrelia burgdori (dark-brown staining). (B)Borrelia sequences in a mature plaque detected using in situ hybridization using a B. burgdorfi probe. (C) Detection in an amorphous plaque using an antibody to bacterial peptidoglycan. (D) Control brain stained with antibodies against B. Burgdorfi. Arrows in B indicate bodies resembling helical spirochetes. Scale bar, 80 μm for (A, D), 30 μm for (B), and 20 μm for (C). Figure kindly provided by Judith Miklossy, Switzerland.