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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Endocrinol. 2014 Jan 27;220(3):R57–R65. doi: 10.1530/JOE-13-0477

Figure 1. Potential causes and mediators of growth hormone (GH) resistance.

Figure 1

Starvation, protein-calorie malnutrition and isolated vitamin deficiencies can all lead to a state of GH resistance, with normal or elevated levels of GH coincident with low levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Recent evidence suggests that the state of GH resistance in starvation may result from a decrease in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5 phosphorylation, mediated by fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) and/or Sirtuin1 (SIRT1).