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. 2014 Apr 14;5:70. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00070

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Copyright © 2014 Kanasaki, Nagai, Nitta, Kitada and Koya.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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AcSDKP is an anti-TGF-β/Smad peptide. Once TGF-β binds to TGF-β receptors on the cell membrane, the TGF-β and TGF-β-receptor interaction induces phosphorylation of receptor-regulated (R)-Smads. Phosphorylated R-Smads interact with the common (co)-Smad in the cytoplasm. These Smad heterodimers in the nucleus then bind to the genomic promoter region of DNA, which is called the Smad-binding element (SBE). AcSDKP may induce Smad7 gene expression, protein stabilization, or translocation from the nucleus of cells to the cytoplasm as well as inhibit phosphorylation of R-Smads by TGF-β receptors. However, detailed mechanisms are not yet known.