Table 4.

Dry eye symptoms and health-related quality of life in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study, 2005–2008^a, ^b

Scale	<50 years		≥50 Years		Overall
	β	p-value	β	p-value	β	p-value
VFQ Composite	−2.79	<0.0001	−3.82	<0.0001	−3.27	<0.0001
SF-36 GHPI	−4.66	0.0001	−2.98	0.03	−3.92	<0.0001
SF-36 MCS	−1.65	0.006	−1.63	0.01	−1.67	0.0001
SF-36 PCS	−1.32	0.01	−1.73	0.01	−1.50	0.0005
CES-D 16+
No symptoms	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
Dry eye symptoms	1.53 (1.03, 2.29)		1.81 (1.19, 2.77)		1.64 (1.23, 2.19)

VFQ= National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire, GHPI= General Health Perception Index, MCS= Mental Component Score, PCS= Physical Component Score, CES-D= Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale

^aPresented as mean difference in score (dry eye symptom positive-dry eye symptom negative), and p-value; except for CES-D presented as odds of a score greater than or equal to 16 (indicating depression) for those with dry eye symptoms versus those without and 95% Confidence Interval.

^bAll estimates controlling for age, sex, education, CVD, diabetes, severe headaches or migraines, arthritis, cancer, hypertension, asthma, thyroid disease, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataract, and glaucoma.